Unit 5 Notes: Pedigrees, Disorders & Technology (1)

(1) Pedigrees A chart which shows the genetic relationships within a family. Used to track traits across family generations. Symbols: Circle = Female Square = Male Filled In = Has the Trait Blank = Does NOT Have the Trait Horizontal Line = Married Couple Vertical Line = Kids from Married Couple

(2) Common Genetic Disorders Phenylketonuria (PKU) Sickle Cell Anemia Hemophilia Cystic Fibrosis

(3) Phenylketonuria (PKU) Don’t have the ability to break down the amino acid “Phenylalanine”. The amino acid is found in proteins. Results: Amino acid builds up  Damages Nerves & Brain Person placed on a specific-protein diet for life

(4) Sickle Cell & Hemophilia Recessive Disorder Results in irregularly shaped red blood cells More common in people of African descent (*Malaria Prevention) Treatment  Blood Transfusions, Pain Meds, Fluids Hemophilia: X-Linked & Recessive Disorder Missing protein necessary for blood clotting Treatment  Injecting patient with protein

(5) Cystic Fibrosis The result of a defective CF gene. Causes an osmotic imbalance within organs… Secreted fluids are abnormally thick. There’s an imbalance between salt and water concentrations. Impacts the individual’s ability to breathe, excrete, digest and circulate blood. Treatment  (No Cure) Supplements to help with nutrient absorption.

(6) Genetic Technology Manipulating an organism’s DNA either for prevention, medical research or commercialism. Examples: Allele Testing during pregnancy Genetically Modified Food Gene Therapy

(7) Allele Testing Can test enzymes produced in womb if already pregnant. Can test baby’s DNA. Can test parent’s DNA for prevention: Look for a specific gene/DNA sequence. Recessive disorders have unique sequences.

(8) GMO Food Fruits, Vegetables, Animals who’s DNA was altered. Why Would We Alter It? Change flavors Increase resistance to pests + diseases Increase climate tolerance Change vitamin production Possible Cons: Unknown long-term human effect (i.e. allergies) Unknown environmental consequences (if organisms mate)

(9) Gene Therapy Removal of faulty organ. Altering of genes inside cells of organ… Mutated genes caused a disease. Scientists fix the genes. The organ is placed back inside the organism. There is NO guarantee with this procedure!

(10) DNA vs Environment ~60% of your appearance + behavior = DNA What Impacts Your Appearance & Behavior? DNA can increase chances of certain behaviors/looks 1 Gene Mutation  Another Gene Mutation Hormones + Chemicals in mother’s womb Emotional Environment raised in Diet + Physical Activity