Environmental Controls Lecture 5 Electrical Power Management Utility Rate Structures

Environmental Controls Electrical Power Management

“Facts of Life” Utilities are licensed to provide sufficient capacity to maintain expected demands New power plants are expensive to license and construct Nuclear Hydroelectric Natural Gas Oil Coal All pose safety concerns to humans or the environment

Sources of Electrical Power https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/exec_summ.php

Sources of Electrical Power https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/exec_summ.php

Emerging Technologies/Strategies Supply Side Management Wind Photovoltaics Tidal Biomass: “Waste to Energy” Demand Side Management Conservation vs New Construction Design Practice Initiatives Design Certifications Stewardship of the Built Environment

Supply Side Management Wind

Supply Side Management Photovoltaics

Supply Side Management Biomass: “Waste to Energy” http://www.co.hennepin.mn.us/vgn/portal/internet/hcdetailmaster/0,2300,1273_83267_100490584,00.html

Supply Side Management Tidal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy

Demand Side Management Conservation instead of New Construction www.rockymountainpower.net/save

Demand Side Management Consumption Control: More efficient lamps More efficient motors More efficient appliances Controls (sensors, etc.) More efficient buildings http://www.consumerenergysolutions.com/led-lighting/

Demand Side Management Demand Control: Manual (timers, management) Automated (EMS, BAS, PC) Loads: Sheddable Non-sheddable S: F.25.13 p.1157

Demand Side Management Utility Incentives: Time of Day Rates: load shifting Demand Reduction Rebates: demand limiting Equipment Rebates: consumption reduction Contract Renegotiation: cost reduction UM Hospital, Ann Arbor MI AKA Associates

Demand Side Management Industry Incentives: Partnering Energy Codes Tax Credits Rating Programs LEED Energy Star Living Building Challenge International Programs UM Hospital, Ann Arbor MI AKA Associates

Design Practice Initiatives Design Certifications: LEED Energy Star Green Globes Phillip Merrill Environmental Center, Annapolis MD SmithGroup, 2000

Design Practice Initiatives Stewardship of the Built Environment =Historic Preservation + Sustainability Conserves resources Reduces material streams Revitalizes neighborhoods Maintains “sense of place” Increases livability Big-D Construction Headquarters, Salt Lake City, UT GSBS, 2005 1st LEED “GOLD” building in Utah

Environmental Controls Utility Rate Structures

Utility Rate Structures Billing Components Connection Charge Consumption Demand Power Factor S: F.25.13 p. 1157

Utility Rate Structures Block Rate $X1 for first Y1 kwh $X2 for next Y2 kwh … Energy Charge $X per kwh

Utility Rate Structures Ratchet Clause Charge to insure capacity based on previous peak demand PEAK DEMAND AVG DEMAND

Utility Rate Structures Time of Day Rates $X1/kwh for on peak hours $X2/kwh for off peak hours … Uninterruptible Power Supply

Example Large General Service Rate $11.25/month service connection Demand charge: $9.72/kw Energy charge: $0.0682/kwh first 200 kwh $0.0632/kwh for remainder Ratchet clause: 11 month

Example Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW Month Kwh KW 1 750 30 1 750 30 2 680 22 3 570 21 4 550 32 5 600 35 6 560 19 7 580 21 8 500 16 9 590 18 10 620 21 11 590 22 12 620 23

Example Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW Month Kwh KW w/o ratchet 1 750 30 $351.25 2 680 22 $269.07 3 570 21 $252.39 4 550 32 $358.05 5 600 35 $390.37 6 560 19 $232.32 7 580 21 $253.03 8 500 16 $199.37 9 590 18 $224.50 10 620 21 $255.55 11 590 22 $263.38 12 620 23 $274.99 $3,324.27

Example Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW Month Kwh KW w/o ratchet w/ratchet 1 750 30 $351.25 $351.25 2 680 22 $269.07 $346.83 3 570 21 $252.39 $339.87 4 550 32 $358.05 $358.05 5 600 35 $390.37 $390.37 6 560 19 $232.32 $387.84 7 580 21 $253.03 $389.11 8 500 16 $199.37 $384.05 9 590 18 $224.50 $389.74 10 620 21 $255.55 $391.63 11 590 22 $263.38 $389.74 12 620 23 $274.99 $391.63 $3,324.27 $4,510.11 +36%