The RESPIRATORY System
Functions of Respiratory System Creating voice (singing, talking, etc.) Gas exchange pH Fighting infection
Ventilation, External Respiration, and Internal Respiration Ventilation: fancy word for breathing External respiration: exchange between lungs and alveoli Internal respiration: exchange between blood and tissue
Carbon dioxide and its effect on ventilation When CO2 levels increase--ventilation increases Sometimes called the (ventilation) breathing stimulator
Sequence of organs as air passes from outside to in Through nose and/or mouth Nasal cavity Nasopharynx-throat directly across from nose Orpharynx-throat directly across from mouth Laryngophraynx-throat area above voice box
Larynx (voice box or Adam’s apple) connects the pharynx with the Trachea Laryngeal Prominence is the Adam’s apple Larger the cartilage, deeper the voice
Vocal cords Laryngeal muscles open and narrow folds Ligaments also present--vibrate like guitar strings Faster vibration higher pitch--slower lower pitch Males have longer and thicker ligaments Mouth, nasal cavity, tongue, teeth, sinuses--all add to resonance of voice True vocal cords False vocal cords
Glottis and Epiglottis Glottis is opening to larynx Epiglottis is large leaf shaped piece of cartilage lying on top of the Larynx Epiglottis acts like a trap door covering the opening to the Trachea or Esophagus depending upon breathing or swallowing
Trachea Also known as windpipe Made of cartilage Anterior to the esophagus Extends to the 5th thoracic vertebrae
Bronchi comprised of cartilaginous rings continue branching as the Bronchial Tree
Bronchioles Cartilage gets smaller and smaller until reaches alveolar sacs Some sacs on bronchioles End of bronchioles contain bunches of alveoli
ALVEOLI Millions of small sacs surrounded by capillaries Exchange of gases takes place here
Lungs paired organs that occupy most of the thoracic cavity separated from each other by the Heart Mediastinum surrounded serous Membrane called the Pleural Membrane
Lungs Three lobes on the right, two on the left Horizontal fissures divide lobes Contained in pleural cavity Lungs are spongy, move in pleural cavity as they expand
External Respiration Exchange of O2 from outside and CO2 from inside taking place in the alveoli and capillaries
Internal Respiration Exchange of O2 and CO2 from blood stream and tissues in the body
Lung volumes and capacity Tidal Volume (TV) = 500 ml = volume of air moved in and out of the lungs during breathing Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) = 3000 ml = volume of air that can forcefully inhaled plus Tidal Volume
Lung volumes and capacity Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) = 1000 ml = volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled plus Tidal Volume Residual Volume (RV) = 1200 ml = volume of always in lungs Vital Capacity (VC) = 4500 ml = maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest possible inhalation VC = TV + IRV + ERV
Breathing Stimulus Levels of CO2 in the bloodstream will cause changes in breathing rates CO2 is called the breathing stimulus
Respiratory System The end