Increasing the Participation of Ethnic Minorities and Migrants in Employment GOOD PRACTICE AND STRATEGIC LESSONS FROM EQUAL

A critical mass of experience to inform new ESF action EQUAL Round 2: More than 350 DPs piloted new approaches overcome discrimination against immigrants and ethnic minorities 25% of these DPs had a particular focus on working with Roma, Sinti, Travellers and Gipsies Total EU financial support in excess of 500m € Contextual information: Problems addressed by these 350 DPs are encountered by most or all ethnic minority groups and thus their experience can also improve the delivery of policies that are aimed at the integration of Roma people. However, as Roma communities have to face the greatest degrees of exclusion and the highest levels of discrimination, with unemployment rates ranging from well over 50 to 90 percent, the more than 90 Roma DPs provide a particular pool of good practice that goes beyond the experience of many other DPs. During the second round of EQUAL the fight against ethnic discrimination in the labour market formed a key aspect of the European programme for mainstreaming the good practices emerging from the work of EQUAL. Within the framework of this programme, a European Mainstreaming Platform was initiated, in 2006, which operated throughout 2007 and culminated in a major European conference on Acting against Ethnic Discrimination in Employment, in Paris, November 2007.

18 Member States involved. More than half of the Roma DPs were implemented in the (then) six new Member States.

Comments: All of the DPs included in the sample focus on 2 or more of the identified themes. The overriding objective, as shown by the table, is the creation of employment opportunities but to reinforce the chances of creating more work possibilities many DPs recognised that they had to address other issues at the same time. Employment is not always possible if there are problems in social and family life and so a number of DPs operated in the wider field of social inclusion. Other DPs see the need for change in attitudes and stereotypes amongst employers and the community at large. A final grouping of DPs seeks to improve knowledge and understanding of the particular needs and circumstances of the target group and to strengthen the capacity of Roma/Gipsy organisations and public services to make a more appropriate response.

Comments: Because of their awareness raising, most DPs did not confine their activities to the training/educational institution or the workplace. From the information contained in the EQUAL Common Database, it was not always possible to determine whether a DP operated in an urban or a rural location. The low number of rural projects may be counterbalanced to some extent by the projects that operate across regions that contain a number of rural areas.

Main Lessons from EQUAL DPs are centred on two distinct but inter-related issues: Impacting on the Systems that play a Central Role in Preventing Discrimination and promoting Integration Assisting the integration of ethnic minorities by developing services that had not, as yet, been provided by the current systems These two priorities reflect different concepts (or schools of thought) in Member States’ strategies to improve the labour market situation of migrants and ethnic minorities. The first puts the main emphasis on bridging the gap between equality as defined by legislation and equality as practised in the workplace (the “systemic” approach). Many of the roots of discrimination appear to be inherent to the functioning of “systems” or structures that have an impact on individuals’ integration into work. The second concerns special support measures that target at members of minority communities (the “integration” approach). This approach seeks to improve support services (new services, better coordination). However, these different strategies can also be considered to be complementary and some DPs presented integrated approaches that effectively combined elements of both concepts.

Impacting on the Systems Fostering Anti-Discrimination Skills as a Professional Competence Promoting Work Force Diversity and Fair Recruitment Processes Awareness Raising, Sensitisation and making Active Use of the Media “Many stakeholders maintain that discrimination, while not being the only reason for the exclusion of ethnic minorities from the labour market, is in fact the most important one.” Anti-discrimination skills, such as cultural awareness, knowledge of relevant legal aspects and the capacity to evaluate one’s own potentially discriminatory practice are not, as yet, commonly recognised as being indispensable aspects of professional competence. Capacity Building for Training and Employment Intermediaries (PT: Migraçoes & Desenvolvimento, P'lo sonho é que vamos „Following our Dream“) Strengthening the Intercultural Competence of Teachers and Trainers (ESP: Lungo Drom ) Work Force Diversity: Offering Expertise and Support Services to Employers (harnessing CSR) (PT: DiverCidade/ Supported Employment ) Making Active Use of the Media D: Roma and Sinti – Securing Employment and Livelihood through Self-Organisation / intercultural media designers / MeDIA-RrOMA HU: Equal Opportunities in the Media Other examples:EquaMedia TP, EBU Diversity Toolkit for the Media for use in television (Fi, FR, NL, S) Further information on theses and other examples of good practice from EQUAL DPs is included in “Increasing the Participation of Migrants in Employment - Good Practice and Strategic Lessons from EQUAL” (EQUAL Working Document: http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/empl/equal_etg/library?l=/etg1/04_examples/increasing_participation/stratless_iem-draft1doc/_EN_1.0_&a=d ).

New Services and better Coordination Strengthening Guidance and Placement Processes and Making Services more accessible for Roma people New Offers and/or Methods of Training and Learning New professional profiles: Mediation, Mentoring, Tutoring Actively Involving Organisations that represent Ethnic Minorities Roma communities are one of those minorities that are most strongly exposed to accumulated and multifaceted problems (very basic living conditions, restricted access to education, the labour markets and social and health services. They also lack channels for their effective participation in society. EQUAL DPs have piloted new structures, resources and facilities to ensure that Roma people can be integrated into the labour market and can access the services that they need. Making Services accessible: Integrated service packages, One-stop-shops/sportelli integrati/territorial centres, local coordination platforms CZ: POLIS; ESP: Igualtad en la diversitat - Lungo Drom; It: „The long road of the Sinti and Roma: pathways to employment”; New Offers and/or Methods of Training and Learning: DPs that worked with Roma stressed the necessity of understanding the identity, culture and mind set of the target group. The training offered by these DPs was designed to take account of the manual or communication capacities of the Roma people, and of their traditional, but often unrecognised, skills. HU: Bridge; It: „The long road of the Sinti and Roma: pathways to employment” New professional profiles: Mediation, Mentoring, Tutoring: In relation to work with Roma people, one of the major problems that EQUAL DPs encountered was the fact that the Roma communities often live apart from the host community. Outreach work was often a feature of the DPs’ activities, enabling and motivating members of Roma communities to make better use of facilities and services including education for children and vocational training for adults. Almost half of the EQUAL DPs that worked with Roma recruited people from these communities to act as “go-betweens.” D, ES, It, Irl, LT, PT: School mediators, other Mediator experience Further information on theses and other examples of good practice from EQUAL DPs is included in “Increasing the Participation of Migrants in Employment - Good Practice and Strategic Lessons from EQUAL” (EQUAL Working Document: http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/empl/equal_etg/library?l=/etg1/04_examples/increasing_participation/stratless_iem-draft1doc/_EN_1.0_&a=d ).

Conclusions – Comments – Recommendations (1) No shortage of new ideas and approaches that have proved to be successful Main Problem: Persistent flaws in mainstreaming and large-scale delivery Transnational cooperation should therefore include a special focus on action to reduce the “implementation gap” No lack of good practice – but a tremendous implementation gap! Many DPs tackled problems that had also been addressed in programmes preceding EQUAL. Most examples of good practice do not genuinely reflect new ideas. However, in the vast majority of cases, these DPs highlight persistent gaps in the delivery of policies to foster the vocational integration of ethnic minorities and to combat discrimination in employment. Thus, the most urgent need is now to accelerate the dissemination of the vast armoury of successful approaches which has not yet been fully exploited and to support strategies for mainstream implementation.

Conclusions – Comments – Recommendations (2) Mobilise different groups of Key Actors in order to close the implementation gap Harness the particular strengths and responsibilities that each individual actor group has in tackling ethnic discrimination Ensure that these contributions can successfully combine. A differentiated focus on the contribution of key actors is needed. Public agencies, employers and civil society organisations need to be involved in combating discrimination (truism, also true in relation to tackling other problems in the labour market). However, what exactly are, or should be, the specific individual roles of these actor groups, how can they be mobilised and how can they cooperate together? Answers to these questions are much less obvious. Also, recommendations for action frequently tend to be addressed to others and not, in the first place, to those who are the authors of such recommendations. Thus, in one’s own field of responsibility, it is often a wait-and-see attitude that prevails rather than a spirit of initiative. The Paris conference on Acting against Ethnic Discrimination in Employment, and the overall process of Peer Review Seminars that led up to it, launched a constructive debate on the particular roles that different groups of key actors can play in combating ethnic discrimination in the labour market and produced a set of recommendations for each of the following key players: Public and private employment services and intermediaries; Trade Unions; Non Governmental Organisations; Employers and Human Resource Managers; Actors from Local and Regional Authorities. The conference clearly identified the particular strengths of these different actors and the specific contributions they could make by bringing these strengths to bear.