Brian Poligone, Elaine S. Gilmore, Carolina V

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PKK Suppresses Tumor Growth and Is Decreased in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin Brian Poligone, Elaine S. Gilmore, Carolina V. Alexander, David Oleksyn, Kathleen Gillespie, Jiyong Zhao, Sherrif F. Ibrahim, Alice P. Pentland, Marc D. Brown, Luojing Chen Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume 135, Issue 3, Pages 869-876 (March 2015) DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.428 Copyright © 2015 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Relative protein kinase C–associated kinase (PKK) expression in primary human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tumors. (a) Real-time PCR analysis of PKK gene expression in primary human SCC tumors. The PKK expression was represented as a relative fold compared with average level of PKK gene expression in normal skin samples, the level of which was indicated with the blue line (normalized as 1). There was a significant difference for all samples, except SCC15 compared with the normalized PKK expression (P<0.05). (b, c) Human skin stained against PKK without a nuclear counterstain (b) and with a nuclear counterstain (c). (d, e) SCC tumor stained with PKK without a nuclear counterstain (d) and with a nuclear counterstain (e). Bar (a, c)=100 μm; (d, e)=50 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2015 135, 869-876DOI: (10.1038/jid.2014.428) Copyright © 2015 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Effect of protein kinase C–associated kinase (PKK) knockdown on keratinocyte growth. (a) Keratinocytes expressing shControl, shPKK-1, or shPKK-2 were plated in triplicate. On day 3, cells from each well were counted after staining with Trypan blue. The total living cell numbers are represented. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean (SEM) of triplicate measurements, *P<0.05. (b) Immunoblot of PKK knockdown. Anti-GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) was loading control. (c) Cell cycle analysis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells stably expressing shControl or shPKK-1 or shPKK-2. The representative FACS analysis is shown. (d) FACS analysis of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-gated keratinocytes labeled with 5-ethynyl-2 deoxyuridine (EdU). (e) Keratinocytes gated for GFP, expressing shControl or shPKK-1 or shPKK-2, were stained with Annexin V and 7AAD. (f) SCC keratinocytes expressing shControl, shPKK-1, or shPKK-1 were examined for Cdk4, Cyclin E, p21, and GAPDH by immunoblot analysis. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2015 135, 869-876DOI: (10.1038/jid.2014.428) Copyright © 2015 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Suppression of protein kinase C–associated kinase (PKK) expression promotes squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell proliferation and increased nuclear TP63. (a) Immunofluorescence microscopy of SCC cells stained with anti-TP63. Cells transduced with shControl or shPKK, which were in log phase growth were analyzed. Bar=100 μm. (b) Nuclear extracts from SCC cells were examined by western blot against TP63. Lamin B was used as a nuclear loading control. (c) Whole-cell lysates were analyzed by western blot for TP63 levels. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2015 135, 869-876DOI: (10.1038/jid.2014.428) Copyright © 2015 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Suppression of protein kinase C–associated kinase (PKK) expression inhibits inhibition of inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKK), leading to decreased NF-κB activity. (a) Western blot analysis of whole-cell extracts of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells after phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment. (b) The luciferase promoter assay with an NF-κB reporter of SCC cells before and after PMA treatment. Untreated samples were normalized to 1. (c) Western blot analysis for IKK activity with IKKα and phospho-specific IKK antibodies in SCC cells treated with PMA or control. (d) Cell cycle analysis of SCC cells stably expressing shControl or shPKK-1. PMA-treated cells and untreated control cells were labeled with 10 μm 5-ethynyl-2 deoxyuridine (EdU) for 2 hours. Standard flow cytometric methods were used to determine the percentage of cells in the population with EdU uptake. The representative FACS analysis is shown. Data were confirmed with multiple, independently run assays. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2015 135, 869-876DOI: (10.1038/jid.2014.428) Copyright © 2015 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Protein kinase C–associated kinase (PKK) knockdown promotes squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) growth in soft agar. (a) Keratinocyes (5 × 105) stably expressing shControl of shPKK-1 were studied with soft agar colony formation assays. (b) Bar graphs showed increased colony numbers after PKK knockdown. Results are representative of the mean of three independent experiments. *P≤0.05, **P≤0.01, ***P≤0.005. (c) Knockdown of PKK promotes tumor growth of SCC cells injected into non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice. (d) A representative mouse with shPKK-1 tumors. (e) The tumor weight measured at day 28 after implantation. The average tumor weight from three injected mice is shown, P≤0.005. (f) A representative hematoxylin and eosin stain of tumors isolated from non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice. (h) Immunofluorescence stain with anti-Ki67 of SCC cells (top). The percentage of Ki-67-positive cells within the xenografted tumor (bottom). Bar=50 μm. (g) Reverse transcriptase–PCR of xenografted tumors for PKK and GAPDH expression. Bar=25 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2015 135, 869-876DOI: (10.1038/jid.2014.428) Copyright © 2015 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions