Endothelial, but not smooth muscle, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ regulates vascular permeability and anaphylaxis Marta Wawrzyniak,

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Endothelial, but not smooth muscle, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ regulates vascular permeability and anaphylaxis Marta Wawrzyniak, PhD, Christine Pich, PhD, Barbara Gross, PhD, Frédéric Schütz, PhD, Sébastien Fleury, BSc, Sandrine Quemener, MSc, Marie Sgandurra, MSc, Emmanuel Bouchaert, Catherine Moret, Lionel Mury, Corinne Rommens, Hélène Mottaz, David Dombrowicz, PhD, Liliane Michalik, PhD Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Volume 135, Issue 6, Pages 1625-1635.e5 (June 2015) DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.006 Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Pparb/d−/− animals exhibit compromised vascular responses. A, Dermal vessel density. B, Dermal vessels. Green, αSMA, collagen IV, or Ki67; red, CD31. Arrows, αSMA- or collagen IV–positive vessels. C and D, Miles assay for EBD extravasation. Fig 1, C, Dots, individual animals; black lines, individual responses to treatment; red lines, mean per group. E, Left, Dermal vessels after intradermal injection. Green, LYVE-1 (white points); red, CD31 (white arrows). Middle and right, Blood and lymph vessel size. Data are expressed as means ± SDs (Fig 1, A, B, and E, n = 6; Fig 1, C, n = 9; Fig 1, D, n = 3 per group). *P < .05 and **P < .01. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 1625-1635.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.006) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 Tie1-Pparb/d−/− animals exhibit compromised vascular responses. A and B, Dermal vessels as in Fig 1, A and B. C, Miles assay for EBD extravasation. Dots, Individual animals; black lines, individual responses to treatment; red lines, mean per group. D, Left, Dermal vessels after intradermal injection. Green, LYVE-1 (white points); red, CD31 (white arrows). Middle and right, blood and lymph vessel size. Data are expressed as means ± SDs (Fig 2, A, n = 4; Fig 2, C, n = 9; Fig 2, D, n = 4-6 per group). *P < .05 and **P < .01. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 1625-1635.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.006) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 PPARβ/δ regulates cell-cell junction dismantling and kinase pathway activation. A, Left, VE-cadherin and nuclei (DAPI) stainings of HUVECs. Right, Area occupied by the VE-cadherin AJs. Data are expressed as means ± SDs (n = 7-9). B, Western blot of total ERK1/2, phosphorylated ERK1/2, total Akt, and phosphorylated Akt (upper band) from HUVECs treated as indicated. GAPDH was the loading control. C, Quantification of 3 independent experiments as shown in Fig 3, B. Data are expressed as means ± SEMs. *P < .05, **P < .01, and ***P < .001. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 1625-1635.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.006) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 Passive systemic anaphylaxis–induced hypothermia and edema are less severe in Pparb/d−/− mice than in Pparb/d+/+ mice. A, Hypothermia in Pparb/d+/+ or Pparb/d−/− mice (pool of 3 experiments). B, Edema in the ears of Pparb/d+/+ and Pparb/d−/− mice. Data are expressed as means ± SEMs (n = 7-10 [Fig 4, A] and n = 3-4 [Fig 4, B] for PBS-injected animals; n = 10-15 [Fig 4, A] and n = 4-6 [Fig 4, B] for IgE-injected animals). *P < .05, **P < .01, and ***P < .001. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 1625-1635.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.006) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 5 Passive systemic anaphylaxis–induced hypothermia and edema are less severe in Tie1-Pparb/d−/− mice than in Tie1-Pparb/dfl/fl mice. A, Hypothermia in Tie1-Pparb/dfl/fl or Tie1-Pparb/d−/− mice (pool of 2 experiments). B, Edema in the ears of Tie1-Pparb/dfl/fl and Tie1-Pparb/d−/− mice. Data are expressed as means ± SEMs (n = 7-9 [Fig 5, A] and n = 3 [Fig 5, B] for PBS-injected animals; n = 10-13 [Fig 5, A] and n = 4 [Fig 5, B] for IgE-injected animals). ∗P < .05 and ∗∗P < .01. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 1625-1635.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.006) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 6 Smooth muscle cell–specific PPARβ/δ deficiency does not affect passive systemic anaphylaxis–induced hypothermia and edema. A, Hypothermia in SM22-Pparb/dfl/fl or SM22-Pparb/d−/− mice (pool of 3 experiments). B, Ear edema of SM22-Pparb/dfl/fl and SM22-Pparb/d−/− mice. Data are expressed as means ± SEMs (n = 7 [Fig 6, A] and n = 3 [Fig 6, B] for PBS-injected animals; n = 10 [Fig 6, A] and n = 3 [Fig 6, B] for IgE-injected animals). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 1625-1635.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.006) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E1 A, Proliferation marker positive control. D, Dermis; E, epidermis. Green, Ki67. B and C, Expression levels of VEGF (VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and neuropilin [Nrp-1]) and histamine (H2) receptors in vena cava (Fig E1, B) and total skin (Fig E1, C). Data are expressed as means ± SDs (Fig E1, B, n = 3; Fig E1, C, n = 6). D, BMMC IgE-induced degranulation. Right, TNP-OVA (20 ng/mL). Values are expressed as a percentage of total release ± SD. *P < .05. NS, Not significant. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 1625-1635.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.006) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E2 Characterization of Tie1-Pparb/d and SM22-Pparb/d mice. A and D, PCR detection of the Cre recombinase transgene in genomic DNA (gDNA). The PCR-positive control was the Glut2 gene. B and E, PCR detection of Pparb/d invalidated and floxed/proficient alleles in genomic DNA extracted from the epidermis or dermis. C and F, PPARβ/δ mRNA expression levels in thoracic aortas and total skin (n = 3). *P < .05 and **P < .01. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 1625-1635.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.006) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E3 A, siRNA-mediated PPARβ/δ silencing in HUVECs. Expression levels of PPARβ/δ (left) and its target gene, ANGTL4 (right), in HUVECs. GW501516, PPARβ/δ agonist. B, Expression levels of AJ proteins (α-catenin, β-catenin, p120-catenin, and VE-cadherin) and VEGF receptors (VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and the coreceptor neuropilin [Nrp-1]) in HUVECs. Data are expressed as means ± SDs (n = 3). DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide. *P < .05, **P < .01, and ***P < .001. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 1625-1635.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.006) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E4 Histamine-induced hypothermia in Tie1-Pparb/d−/− compared with Tie1-Pparb/dfl/fl mice. Data are expressed as means ± SEMs (n = 4 for PBS-injected animals and n = 5-7 for histamine-injected animals). *P < .05. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015 135, 1625-1635.e5DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.006) Copyright © 2014 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions