∆U=Q+W S, A, G.

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Presentation transcript:

∆U=Q+W S, A, G

T, P, V A CP, CV U, H, S, A, G A’ Closed system State variation

The drive force ? ? Equilibrium A Nonequilibrium Direction of variation and the limitation The drive force ? A B How to judge? What could be got from the variation? Q, W, Wf

The justification at constant temperature and pressure Phase variation liquid gas water G(l) G(g) δmol, Water(Liquid) ↔Water (Gas) Phase equilibrium: Phase variation direction: For chemical reaction:

Phase transformation or reaction: AB G = GB – GA The variation of the Gibbs energy with pressure at constant temperature The variation of the Gibbs energy with temperature at constant pressure Gibbs-helmholtz equation

Example 1: 1/2N2+3/2H2 NH3 25℃,PΘ: 600℃,PΘ: 25℃,10PΘ: Gibbs-helmholtz equation 600℃,PΘ: 25℃,10PΘ:

Example 2: Diamond Graphite 25℃,Py Smy/JK-1  mol-1 CHmy/kJmol-1  /g  cm-3 C(graphite) 5.6940 – 353.514 2.260 C(diamond) 2.4388 – 355.410 3.513 How about increase temperature? 1000℃, p0: How about increase pressure?