The use of methylene blue as an extravascular surgical marker impairs vascular responses of human saphenous veins Dustan A. Barber, PhDa, Joseph W. Rubin,

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The use of methylene blue as an extravascular surgical marker impairs vascular responses of human saphenous veins Dustan A. Barber, PhDa, Joseph W. Rubin, MD, CMb, George L. Zumbro, MDc, Randall L. Tackett, PhDa The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Volume 109, Issue 1, Pages 21-29 (January 1995) DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70417-5 Copyright © 1995 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Maximal vasoconstrictor responses measured in grams of tension in saphenous veins which were unmarked (open column, no MB, n = 12/72) or marked (black column, MB, n = 5/24) with MB during operations in which coronary artery bypass is used. A, Constriction elicited by membrane depolarization induced by KCl, 100 mmol/L. B, Constriction elicited by exposure to PGF2α, 3 μmol/L. No significant differences were detected. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1995 109, 21-29DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70417-5) Copyright © 1995 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Vasoconstrictor dose response curves for phenylephrine (A), serotonin (B), angiotensin II (C), and BHT (D) obtained from saphenous vein ring preparations that were unmarked (open circles, no MB, n = 12/18) or marked (black circles, MB, n = 5/6) with MB during operations for use in coronary artery bypass. Symbols on the X-axis depict EC50 values for the respective curve. *p < 0.05. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1995 109, 21-29DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70417-5) Copyright © 1995 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Vasodilator dose response curves for sodium nitroprusside (A), acetylcholine (B), isoproterenol (C), and verapamil (D) obtained from saphenous vein ring preparations that were unmarked (open circles, no MB, n = 12/18) or marked (black circles, MB, n = 5/6) with MB during operations for use in coronary artery bypass. Responses are expressed as a percentage of preconstriction obtained with PGF2α 3 μmol/L. Symbols on the X-axis depict EC50 values for the respective curve. *p < 0.05. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1995 109, 21-29DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70417-5) Copyright © 1995 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Maximal vasoconstrictor responses measured in grams of tension in saphenous veins comparing the effect on an experimentally exposed vein to 0.1% MB for 45 minutes abluminally only (black column, external; n = 6/12), abluminally and intraluminally (stippled column, external and internal; n = 6/12), or not exposed to MB (open column, control, n = 6/12). A, the constriction elicited by membrane depolarization induced by KCl, 100 μmol/L. B, Constriction elicited by exposure to PGF2α , 3 mu mol/L. *p < 0.05 compared with control. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1995 109, 21-29DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70417-5) Copyright © 1995 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Vasoconstrictor dose response curves for phenylephrine (A) and serotonin (B) obtained from saphenous vein ring preparations that were experimentally exposed to 0.1% MB for 45 minutes abluminally only (black triangles, external, n = 6/12), abluminally and intraluminally (black circles, external and internal, n = 6/12), or not exposed to MB (open circles, control; n = 6/12). Symbols on the X-axis depict EC50 values for the respective curve. *p < 0.05 compared with control. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1995 109, 21-29DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70417-5) Copyright © 1995 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Vasoconstrictor dose response curves for phenylephrine (A) and serotonin (B) obtained from saphenous vein ring preparations that were experimentally exposed to 0.1% MB for 45 minutes abluminally only (black triangles, external, n = 6/12), abluminally and intraluminally (black circles, external and internal, n = 6/12), or not exposed to MB (open circles, control; n = 6/12). Symbols on the X-axis depict EC50 values for the respective curve. *p < 0.05 compared with control. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1995 109, 21-29DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70417-5) Copyright © 1995 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Vasodilator dose response curves for sodium nitroprusside (A and B) and acetylcholine (C and D) obtained from saphenous vein ring preparations that were experimentally exposed to 0.1% MB for 45 minutes abluminally only (black triangles, external, n = 6/12), abluminally and intraluminally (black circles, external and internal, n = 6/12), or not exposed to MB (open circles, control, n = 6/12). Because treatment affected preconstriction, the data are expressed as both a percentage of PGF2α preconstriction (A and C) and as grams of relaxation (B and D). Symbols on the X-axis depict EC50 values for the respective curve. *p < 0.05 compared with control. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1995 109, 21-29DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70417-5) Copyright © 1995 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Vasodilator dose response curves for sodium nitroprusside (A and B) and acetylcholine (C and D) obtained from saphenous vein ring preparations that were experimentally exposed to 0.1% MB for 45 minutes abluminally only (black triangles, external, n = 6/12), abluminally and intraluminally (black circles, external and internal, n = 6/12), or not exposed to MB (open circles, control, n = 6/12). Because treatment affected preconstriction, the data are expressed as both a percentage of PGF2α preconstriction (A and C) and as grams of relaxation (B and D). Symbols on the X-axis depict EC50 values for the respective curve. *p < 0.05 compared with control. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1995 109, 21-29DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70417-5) Copyright © 1995 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Vasodilator dose response curves for sodium nitroprusside (A and B) and acetylcholine (C and D) obtained from saphenous vein ring preparations that were experimentally exposed to 0.1% MB for 45 minutes abluminally only (black triangles, external, n = 6/12), abluminally and intraluminally (black circles, external and internal, n = 6/12), or not exposed to MB (open circles, control, n = 6/12). Because treatment affected preconstriction, the data are expressed as both a percentage of PGF2α preconstriction (A and C) and as grams of relaxation (B and D). Symbols on the X-axis depict EC50 values for the respective curve. *p < 0.05 compared with control. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1995 109, 21-29DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70417-5) Copyright © 1995 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Vasodilator dose response curves for sodium nitroprusside (A and B) and acetylcholine (C and D) obtained from saphenous vein ring preparations that were experimentally exposed to 0.1% MB for 45 minutes abluminally only (black triangles, external, n = 6/12), abluminally and intraluminally (black circles, external and internal, n = 6/12), or not exposed to MB (open circles, control, n = 6/12). Because treatment affected preconstriction, the data are expressed as both a percentage of PGF2α preconstriction (A and C) and as grams of relaxation (B and D). Symbols on the X-axis depict EC50 values for the respective curve. *p < 0.05 compared with control. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1995 109, 21-29DOI: (10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70417-5) Copyright © 1995 Mosby, Inc. Terms and Conditions