Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Photo Credit: ©Michael Fogden/DRK PHOTO Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Do Now: Rough Draft should have citations in text and a bibliography. Highlight/circle any changes that need to be made. Have Rough Draft of Paper on desk for me to check Remember this…. What are the levels of organization? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Do Now: Have Rough Draft of Paper on desk for me to check Remember this…. What are the levels of organization? Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Adding Levels of Organization Population – group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area Community - assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area Ecosystem – collection of all the organisms of a particular place together with the non-living environment Biome - Group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities Biosphere – part of the Earth in which life exists including the land, water, and air Ecology: study of interactions between organisms and their environment Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Biotic and Abiotic Factors Physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems are called abiotic factors. Abiotic factors include: temperature precipitation humidity wind nutrient availability soil type sunlight Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

What is Population Ecology? group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area Ecology Study of the interaction between organisms and their environment Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Biotic and Abiotic Factors Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological and physical factors. Biotic factors – biological influence on ecosystem Predators Competitors Parasites Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Do Now Turn in paper copies of project to bin Using your notes from yesterday and give an example of a population, community, and ecosystem in the natural world. Do not use any examples from class! Turn in to bin. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Biotic and Abiotic Factors How do biotic and abiotic factors influence an ecosystem? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Biotic and Abiotic Factors Habitat: the area where an organism lives A habitat includes both biotic and abiotic factors. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Niche The Niche Niche: the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions. No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. The biotic and abiotic factors determine a species niche. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Community Interactions What interactions occur within communities? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Community Interactions Competition Occurs when organisms of the same or different species try to use a resource in the same place at the same time. Two or more species attempt to occupy the same niche Resource: any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Community Interactions Direct competition in nature often results in a winner and a loser—with the losing organism failing to survive. Example: Competitive exclusion principle States that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Community Interactions The distribution of these warblers avoids direct competition, because each species feeds in a different part of the tree. 18 12 Feeding height (m) Cape May Warbler Each of these warbler species has a different niche in its spruce tree habitat. By feeding in different areas of the tree, the birds avoid competing with one another for food. Bay-Breasted Warbler 6 Yellow-Rumped Warbler Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Community Interactions Predation Predation: An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism. Predator: The organism that does the killing and eating Prey: food organism Example: Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Community Interactions Symbiosis Symbiosis: Any relationship in which two species live closely together. Symbiotic relationships include: mutualism commensalism parasitism Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Community Interactions Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship. Commensalism: one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed. Parasitism: one species lives on or inside another species and harms it. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall