Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain Considerations: Analysis of Potential Bottlenecks in Critical Metals  Elsa A. Olivetti, Gerbrand Ceder, Gabrielle G.

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Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain Considerations: Analysis of Potential Bottlenecks in Critical Metals  Elsa A. Olivetti, Gerbrand Ceder, Gabrielle G. Gaustad, Xinkai Fu  Joule  Volume 1, Issue 2, Pages 229-243 (October 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.019 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Joule 2017 1, 229-243DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.019) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Static Metrics of Resource Use for Ni, Mn, Co, Li, and Natural Graphite Static metrics of resource use for Ni, Mn, Co, Li, and natural graphite fraction in top country versus static depletion over time (arrow indicates increasing time) (A), and production fraction by country (B). Joule 2017 1, 229-243DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.019) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Global Aggregated Trade Flows Widths of flows are proportional to trade value in US dollars (USD); importers are marked in green and exporters in red. (A) Aggregated flows of lithium oxide and hydroxide as well as lithium carbonates (does not include concentrates, which would be dominated by Australia). Flows below 1 million USD in value are not included. (B) Global aggregated trade flows of cobalt ores, concentrates, mattes, and other intermediate products of cobalt metallurgy, including waste and scrap for the year 2015. Flows below 10 million USD are not included. Maps created in JFlowMap.33 Joule 2017 1, 229-243DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.019) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Cobalt Price from 1970 to 2015 Red dotted line indicates London Metal Exchange trading.18 Joule 2017 1, 229-243DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.019) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Cobalt Use in LIBs Including Historic Supply Broken Down by Country and Projected Supply Overlaid with Current and Projected Demand Stars show the demand in tonnes in 2016 and the L and H scenarios in 2025. Dashed lines show supply projections based on published capacities and capacity expansions. Shaded supply shows linear growth in supply. Joule 2017 1, 229-243DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.019) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

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