LOGISTICS (loh JIS tiks) n. Do Now 2/11 LOGISTICS (loh JIS tiks) n. the management of the details of an operation The Normandy invasion is a great example of military LOGISTICS. The LOGISTICS involved in building the Golden Gate Bridge required an immense amount of time and resources. General Eisenhower was an expert of military LOGISTICS.

Chapter 5.2: Prokaryotes and Algae (so fun you guys) INB PG 51

Old and Simple Prokaryotes are among the most important of the primary producers in the ocean. They don’t have the same complex internal membrane structure. They lack chromosomes or a nucleus. Instead they have a ring of DNA or RNA. They don’t have mitochondria and lack chloroplasts. They are structurally simple – molecules are surrounded by a membrane and cell wall. They are believed to be the oldest types of organisms – archaea originated 3.5 billion years ago. Scientists think that the process of photosynthesis began with cyanophytes of domain Bacteria, an early prokaryote. Prokaryotes – Small yet Significant Chapter 5 Page 5-12

Archaea and Bacteria Domain Archaea and domain Bacteria are best known for being extremophiles – living in environments that are inhospitable to most life. Bacteria can do things no other known organisms can do: Certain species can create organic nitrogen compounds by fixing inorganic nitrogen from the air – an essential element of life. The most important bacteria are in the phylum Cyanophyta (also known as blue-green bacteria or blue-green “algae”). Scientists think that these bacteria are crucial to life because: Photosynthesis evolved in the cyanophytes. Cyanophytes were the primary organisms that created the oxygen in the atmosphere. Cyanophytes are important as nitrogen fixers. They are the only bacteria considered to be an “algae.” Prokaryotes – Small yet Significant Chapter 5 Pages 5-13 to 5-15

Cyanophyta – Blue-green Algae

A Broadly Applied Name Algae is defined by taxonomists as those organisms that belong in one of seven specific phyla or divisions in kingdom Protista. 1. Chlorophyta – Green Algae 2. Rhodophyta – Red Algae 3. Phaeophyta – Brown Algae 4. Dinophyta / Pyrrophyta - Dinoflagellates 5. Bacillariophyta - Diatoms 6. Euglenophyta 7. Chrysophyta Note: Phyla 1-3 are the macro-algae (multicellular algae). Phyla 4-7 are the single-celled algae. Marine Algae Chapter 5 Pages 5-16 & 5-17

Do Now 2/18 MALICE (MAL is) n. a desire or intention to harm others or see them suffer The prisoner was not granted parole because his MALICE was still obvious. Our government is based on justice, with MALICE toward none. We could not believe that such a young girl could harbor such MALICE toward her neighbors. 2/7 Pg 5-11 #1-7 50 2/11 Ch 5-2 notes 51 2/18 Pg 5-16 #1-4, Pg 5-25 #1-10 52 Algae Types Chart 53

Phylum Bacillariophyta – The Diatoms Phylum Bacillariophyta is made up of diatoms, the most productive phytoplankton. These primary producers are a widely diverse group. Up to 50,000 single-celled crystalline species may make up this phylum. Reproduce sexually and asexually. They have two-part SiO2 (silicon dioxide) shells in an amazing array of shapes. Diatoms reproduce quickly when sunlight levels rise and are thought to account for 25% of all the photosynthetic biomass on Earth. Skeletons of diatoms have built up to form diatomaceous earth (a.k.a. diatomite). Marine Algae Chapter 5 Pages 5-17 & 5-18

Phylum Dinophyta – The Dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates make up phylum Dinophyta (also called phylum Pyrrophyta). Second most productive group of primary producers. Symbiodinium (zooxanthellae) are particularly important autotrophic dinoflagellates. They live within the coral. They provide their host with food via photosynthesis. (In return Symbiodinium get nitrogenous wastes and shelter from the coral. Without Symbiodinium, coral could not exist as we know it. Marine Algae Chapter 5 Page 5-19

Phylum Dinophyta – The Dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates are responsible for what we call red tides. Although few species are actually toxic, red tide is the common name for what we call a Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB). A bloom is what occurs during periods of rapid reproduction in an algal population. These HAB’s contain a fairly potent neurotoxin which can affect local marine and in some cases, humans as well. Some dinoflagellates are also capable of bioluminescence. Marine Algae Chapter 5 Page 5-19

The Macro Algae Parts of an algae: Blades – Equivalent to the leaves of terrestrial plants. Used for photosynthesis. Stipe – Provide support like plant stems, but with no vascular system. Capable of photosynthesis. Pneumatocyst – Gas filled float structures that lift the algae off the bottom and keep the blades close to the surface and sun. Can also photosynthesize. Holdfast – Acts like an anchor for algae by attaching to rocks or in the sediment. When not submerged they can also photosynthesis. Note: Not all parts are found in all algae.

Phylum Chlorophyta – Green Algae Phylum Chlorophyta is made up of the macro-algae. They share the same green color as land plants. Both green algae and land plants have chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Scientists think the presence of chlorophyll a and b has evolutionary significance. It may indicate that land plants evolved from green algae. Green algae and land plants also have other pigments in common and have cell walls made of cellulose. A few species are calcareous algae, meaning that they have deposits of CaCO2 (calcium carbonate or limestone) in their tissue. This provides the algae with a sort of “skeleton.” Marine Algae Chapter 5 Pages 5-20 & 5-21

Phylum Chlorophyta – Green Algae Halimeda sp. - example of a green calcareous algae.

Phylum Rhodophyta – Red Algae Red algae is red because they have pigments called phycoerythrins which give it their color. This pigment has not been found in any other eukaryote, though it does exist in cyanophytes. Many species of red algae are also calcareous. This is important to coral reefs because it is the cement that holds the coral reefs together. Their CaCO2 secretions help bond coral colonies and debris together which in turn holds the reef together. Marine Algae Chapter 5 Pages 5-21 & 5-22

Phylum Rhodophyta – Red Algae Other species of red algae are also very commercially important. Species in the genus Chondrus (commonly known as Irish Moss) are harvested for an extract known as carrageenan. Carrageenan is an emulsifier and has been used in food products for hundreds of years. Algae in the genus Porphyra are also called nori. Nori is the type of seaweed which is used to make sushi and many other Asian foods.

Phylum Phaeophyta – Brown Algae Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae), is more structurally complex. Kelp is the largest of the brown algae. Kelp is important because it is the foundation for many temperate coastal ecosystems. Some kelp can reach a length of up to 60m (~ 200 ft.). The Sargasso sea is named for Sargassum sp., a type of floating brown algae which is very common in Florida. Marine Algae Chapter 5 Pages 5-23 & 5-24