What’s the Question? These are the answers! VARIATION CLONE TISSUE CULTURE HORMONES GENE CHROMOSOME ALLELE DNA ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

What’s the word? MISSING VOWELS V-R--T--N CL-N- T-SSU– C-LT-R- H-RM-N-S G-N- CHR-M-S-M- -LL-L- DN- -S-X--L R-PR-D-CT--N EXTENSION: Write a meaning for each word.

Cloning Animals Independent Self Reflective Effective Enquirer Manager L.O: Understand the two ways of cloning animals and issues associated with it Grade 4: Describe why embryo transplants are clones. Describe what adult cell cloning is. Give one reason why scientists may want to clone an adult animal. Grade 6: Explain why the animal produced using adult cell cloning is a clone. Design a flow chart to describe the process of adult cell cloning. List some benefits and drawbacks of adult cell cloning. Describe how embryo transplants are undertaken, and why they produce clones. Grade 8: Use advanced terminology to explain the process of adult cell cloning. Compare and contrast the processes of adult cell and embryo cloning. Evaluate the possible uses of adult cell cloning. Explain the benefits of embryo transplants over sexual reproduction for farmers. Independent Enquirer Self Manager Reflective Learner Effective Participator

Embryo transplantation Boardworks GCSE Science: Biology Cloning It is more difficult to clone animals than plants. One technique used to create clone animals is embryo transplanting. For example, a cattle farmer would follow this process: 1. Sperm is taken from the best bull and used to fertilize an egg from the best cow. 2. The fertilized egg divides to form an embryo containing several cells. 3. The embryo is separated into individual cells, which go on to form new embryos. Each embryo contains the same genes. 4. The embryos are implanted into surrogate cows. 5. The cows give birth to calves, which are all clones of each other. 4

Boardworks GCSE Science: Biology Embryo transplants Boardworks GCSE Science: Biology Cloning Embryo transplantation enables a farmer to produce several new animals that have the characteristics of the best bull and best cow. Before embryo transplantation takes place, the cow is given fertility drugs to increase the number of eggs she produces. How does that improve the procedure? 5

Boardworks GCSE Science: Biology Cloning an adult Boardworks GCSE Science: Biology Cloning Embryo transplantation enables animals to be created that are clones of each other, but not clones of the parent. Cloning a single adult animal, especially a mammal, is much more complicated. The most famous animal clone is Dolly the sheep, who was born on 5 July 1996. This content is higher tier for OCR 21st Century GCSE Science. Photo credit: © Roslin Institute, 2006 Dolly was not the first animal clone, but the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell. 6

What is nuclear transfer? Boardworks GCSE Science: Biology Cloning Dolly was created using a technique called nuclear transfer. In this technique, the nucleus (i.e. DNA) from a body cell of the adult (a somatic cell) is removed. This nucleus is then inserted into an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed. An electric shock makes the egg cell divide and develop like a normal fertilized egg. The important difference is that it only contains the DNA from one, rather than two, animals. This content is higher tier for OCR Twenty-first Century GCSE Science. Photo credit: © Roslin Institute, 2006 Why couldn’t the DNA be taken from a sperm or egg cell? Because they only contain half the genes of the animal. 7

How was Dolly created?

Use pages 227 - 229 from AQA Biology to help you. Self Manager Task LOW – MID LEVEL: Arrange the sentences in the correct order and give each diagram a title (‘Embryo Transplants’ or ‘Adult Cell Cloning’) MID – HIGH LEVEL: Create two story boards to explain ‘Embryo Transplants’ and ‘Adult Cell Cloning’ Independent Enquirer Use pages 227 - 229 from AQA Biology to help you.

Reflective Learner Effective Participator Discussions Suggest some of the economical and ethical issues raised by embryo cloning in cattle. Discuss the main advantages and disadvantages of the adult cell cloning techniques. Reflective Learner Effective Participator

Cloning Animals Independent Self Reflective Effective Enquirer Manager L.O: Understand the two ways of cloning animals and issues associated with it Grade 4: Describe why embryo transplants are clones. Describe what adult cell cloning is. Give one reason why scientists may want to clone an adult animal. Grade 6: Explain why the animal produced using adult cell cloning is a clone. Design a flow chart to describe the process of adult cell cloning. List some benefits and drawbacks of adult cell cloning. Describe how embryo transplants are undertaken, and why they produce clones. Grade 8: Use advanced terminology to explain the process of adult cell cloning. Compare and contrast the processes of adult cell and embryo cloning. Evaluate the possible uses of adult cell cloning. Explain the benefits of embryo transplants over sexual reproduction for farmers. Independent Enquirer Self Manager Reflective Learner Effective Participator

It is okay for cloning to be used to bring back a dead pet. AGREE DISAGREE It is okay for cloning to be used to bring back a dead pet. THINK PAIR SHARE

AGREE DISAGREE It is okay for cloning to be used to bring back an animal that is endangered, or to save a species from extinction. THINK PAIR SHARE

AGREE DISAGREE It is okay to clone a high quality animal. For example, a fast racehorse, a cow that produces lots of milk, a sheep that produces lots of wool. THINK PAIR SHARE

AGREE DISAGREE Some men have difficulty producing sperm, some women have problems producing eggs, this means that they will be unlikely to have children. It is okay for couples who have these problems to use cloning as a way of having a child with their DNA. THINK PAIR SHARE

AGREE DISAGREE Cloning could be used to created human tissues, these could be used instead of experiments that are currently done on animals, such as testing the effects new medicines. THINK PAIR SHARE

AGREE DISAGREE When someone gets an organ transplant they have a lot of problems as their body’s try to reject the organ as it recognises it as being foreign. Cloning could be used to make copies of ourselves. If you need a new organ, your clone would be able to provide an identical one which would not be rejected by your body. THINK PAIR SHARE

Human therapeutic cloning Boardworks GCSE Science: Biology Cloning The DNA of an embryo cell can be replaced with the DNA from a patient’s cell. patient’s DNA inserted embryo cell nucleus removed 5 day-old embryo stem cells removed – the embryo dies ADDITIONAL IF TIME IN THE LESSON The embryo produces stem cells containing the patient’s genes. The cells will not be rejected, so immune-suppressing drugs are not needed. This process is therapeutic cloning. 18 18

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