Responses to the Depression

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Responses to the Depression CHC 2DR Lesson 54

Responses to the Depression Learning Goal: Recognize how the government changed its position over the course of the depression. Review questions By the Numbers Government note Thinking Historically Task

Review Questions What caused the Depression? What was ‘relief’? What organizations provided support for those in need, when the gov’t wasn’t prepared to help? Who were the two prime ministers during this time? What was wrong with the relief camps?

What terms did people come up with to show that they blamed Bennett for the situation? How did different parts of Canada suffer differently? What types of entertainment were available? What was Bennett’s ‘New Deal’? What was it modelled on?

By the Numbers: Unemployment Rate: 1929: less than 3% 1933: 27% Business Profits and Losses 1929: $398 million in profits 1933: $98 million in losses

Government Responses to Economic Conditions 1930 federal election focused on unemployment Mackenzie King was in power when the election was called (Liberal) R.B. Bennett (Conservative) promised to fix the problem Bennett won a large majority and was in power for the worst 5 years of the depression

Considerable debate about what level of gov’t should provide relief Bennett said provincial and municipal Provinces said federal and municipal Municipalities couldn’t handle the problem on their own

Conditions just kept getting worse Canadians began to demand gov’t action

The On-to-Ottawa Trek Relief camps were set up in remote areas of Ontario and northern BC Young men cleared trees, built roads, and did other manual labour Paid very little Lived in cold, crowded shacks By April, 1935, they were fed up

A walkout was staged in BC, demanding higher wages and better conditions They headed to Vancouver Planned to head to Ottawa by train, and confront the PM 1500 men gathered in Vancouver, holding rallies and collecting money for food

When they got on the trains, they found lots of support from citizens, as they headed east

The Regina Riot 2000 trekkers reached Regina in mid-June Federal gov’t was determined to stop them there Trek leaders were allowed to go to Ottawa, but not the masses Bennett accused the leaders of being communist agitators He refused to make changes

Public meeting set for July 1 Regina police and RCMP tried to arrest the leaders The crowd (large because it was a holiday) panicked Many vandalized area stores and fought the police 1 police officer died, hundreds of police and civilians were injured.

Trekkers returned to their camps, by freight trains again Had really gained nothing 1935 election, Bennett lost Relief camps were closed

Historical Significance When Prime Minister Bennett agreed to meet with some of the trek leaders he had no intention of meeting their demands. Was meeting a mistake when he had no intention of listening to what they had to say? What could Bennett have done differently, in your view?

Cause and Consequence Was the On to Ottawa Trek a success? Consider both short term and long term consequences. Is there any way to connect the Winnipeg General Strike to the On to Ottawa Trek?

Historical Significance Once again, our right to assemble and freedom of speech had been shut down by the government From now on, we will expect more and demand more from our government. Government response – the creation of the welfare state

Wrap Up – On a Scale Of… 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Put a check beside the appropriate number in response to: On a scale of 1-10 how important is it to remember the On To Ottawa Trek?

New Political Parties Neither the Liberals nor the Conservatives seemed to have solutions People looked elsewhere for support The Communist Party was an option but people were suspicious Bennett had the Communist Party leader (Tim Buck) arrested for ‘communist agitation’. He spent 2 years in Kingston Pen.

Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) 1932 Roots were Western labour and farmers’ groups Wanted to introduce socialism—government control of the economy, so that all could benefit

Promoted: Government ownership of banks and transport Crop insurance Medical services for all Employment insurance and pensions Foreign policy that promoted peace and cooperation

Wrote in the Regina Manifesto, to provide all people with a “genuine democratic self-government, based upon economic equality.” Led by J.S. Woodsworth Evolved into New Democratic Party (1961)

Social Credit Party From the west Led by William Aberhart (known as “Bible Bill”) an evangelical minister Wanted to distribute $25/month to every Albertan.. A “social credit” Depression would end if people had more money to spend Won Alberta election in 1935

Governed Alberta and BC between 1935-1992 A bit in Quebec Won most of Alberta’s federal seats in 1935 Fell apart in the 1970s

Note: First Nations (Indigenous Canadian) farmers were not included in these parties Gov’ts encouraged them to return to their traditional ways!

Union Nationale Maurice Duplessis Blamed rich anglophone business owners French needed to reclaim the power Minimum wages, provincially owned hydroelectric system Would encourage more foreign investment in Quebec Eliminated ‘subversive’ organizations Remained in power until 1959!

Technological Changes of the 1930s Air Transportation Airplanes were put to many civilian uses Commercial airlines evolved to carry passengers Federal gov’t created Trans-Canada Airlines in 1936 (now Air Canada, sold to shareholders in 1988) Airports were built with regular flights between communities

Bush planes began opening up the north Planes that could land on water were key to resource development and exploration Planes were also used to transport mail and freight

Bombardier, Inc. Joseph-Armand Bombardier wanted to develop a way to get around in rural Quebec winters Developed the snowmobile Now, Bombardier builds jets, planes, subway systems, and railway cars Recognized worldwide

Baby Food Malnutrition was a big problem 1930: 3 doctors from the Hospital for Sick Children developed a pre-cooked cereal for babies that was healthy (Pablum) Today, it is the first solid food of millions of children around the world

Questions: Why would the government have thought it important to create a government-owned national airline? How was the development of Pablum connected to shifts in society, such as urbanization, mass production, the changing role of women, and technological change?

Tasks: Read pages 232-237 of Creating Canada. make notes from what you read Answer: Ethical Dimension (p 233), Explorations (p 234), Recall… Reflect… Respond 1 & 2 (p 237) 2. Complete the handout, “BLM 3.2 Changing Social and Political Beliefs…” using Creating Canada and Canadian Sources: Investigated

Canada, Immigration, and Jewish Refugees Canadian Sources Investigated: pages 62-67 Words to know: refugee, anti-Semitism, fascist, Holocaust, Final Solution During Reading: The People’s View (pages 62-64)Questions 1 (finish it later), 2, and 3 (use hand out chart for 2 and 3) Page 64, Q2 (bottom right) Page 65, During Reading, Q1, 2, &3) After Reading, page 67, Q2 (9-sentence-like paragraph)