Brîff 7 Munud – Meddwl Beirniadol Critical Thinking 7 Minute Briefing

1. BETH YDYW? 1. WHAT IS IT? Mae meddwl beirniadol yn fwriadol. Mae’n ymwneud â chael agwedd ystyriol a gallu meddwl am ffyrdd gwahanol o ddeall yr wybodaeth o’ch blaen. Mae meddwl beirniadol hefyd yn cynnwys proses o werthuso honiadau a dadleuon er mwyn dod i gasgliad rhesymegol a chyson, gan asesu’r casgliadau hyn yn erbyn meini prawf neu safonau clir a pherthnasol, a gallu egluro’r rhesymau y tu ôl i’r farn (Turney 2014). Critical thinking is purposeful. It involves maintaining an open minded attitude & being able to think about different ways of understanding the information before you. Critical thinking also includes a process of evaluating claims & arguments in order to come to logical & consistent conclusions, assessing these conclusions against clear & relevant criteria or standards, & being able to spell out the reasons for the judgements you have made.’ (Turney 2014)

2. BETH YDYW ? 2. WHAT IS IT? Mae sgiliau craidd fel chwilfrydedd proffesiynol, barn broffesiynol, a’r gallu i gynnal asesiadau manwl a dod i gasgliad yn hanfodol i gynllunio diogel. Mae’n rhaid i ymarferwyr feddu ar ddealltwriaeth o rwystrau a heriau gwaith diogelu a defnyddio strategaethau i reoli’r rhain, gan gynnwys sefyllfaoedd gelyniaethus a chydymffurfiaeth ffug, ac i herio eu harferion eu hunain ac arferion eraill, ar lefel unigol ac asiantaeth. Core skills such as professional curiosity, professional judgement, the ability to conduct rigorous assessments and draw conclusions are vital to safe planning. Practitioners must have an understanding of the blocks & challenges in safeguarding work and apply strategies to manage these, including situations of hostility & disguised compliance & to challenge their own and others’ practice both at individual and agency level

3. BETH YDYW? 3. WHAT IS IT? Mae meddylwyr beirniadol yn: agored i wybodaeth newydd ac yn ceisio ystyried hypothesis amgen ymwybodol y gall straen a barn eraill wyrdroi’r meddwl gallu ystyried gwybodaeth o amryw o ffynonellau, hyd yn oed rhai sy’n gwrthdaro hunanymwybodol, hunanfyfyriol, gwrandawyr da ac yn dangos empathi Critical thinkers are: open to new information and will seek and consider alternative hypothesis aware that stress and the opinions of others can distort thinking able to consider information from multiple sources, even those that have opposing views self aware, self reflective, active listeners, and empathetic

4. CYDNABYDDIAETH 4. RECOGNITION It is important that practitioners are willing and able to recognize that a previous decision may have been wrong – though reasonable at the time when the decision was made. These mistakes are an inevitable part of practice and recognising them is an essential element of good practice (Munro, 1996). Mae’n bwysig bod ymarferwyr yn fodlon ac yn gallu cydnabod bod rhai penderfyniadau a wnaethpwyd yn anghywir – er eu bod yn rhesymol ar y pryd. Mae’r camgymeriadau hyn yn rhan anochel o’r arfer ac mae eu cydnabod yn elfen bwysig o arfer da (Munro, 1996).

5. MATERION ALLWEDDOL 5. KEY ISSUES Nid yw consensws wastad yn beth da ac nid yw’r ffaith bod pawb yn gytûn yn golygu eu bod yn gywir – ac yn sicr nid yw hynny’n cadw plentyn yn ddiogel. Nid mwyaf y nifer, mwyaf diogel yw hi – nid yw risg yn lleihau pan fo mwy o bobl yn cytuno â’i gilydd. Mae barn y lleiafrif yn bwysig ac mae’n rhaid ei hystyried a’i nodi o fewn gwaith aml-asiantaeth. Meddyliwch am y profiadau gwahanol sydd gan bob gweithiwr. Consensus isn't always safe. The fact that everyone agrees does not mean that they are right - and certainly does not keep a child safe. There is no safety in numbers - risk does not decrease because more people agree. Minority views are important and must be considered and noted within multi-agency work. Consider what it is about that worker's experience that differs from others

6. SUT I YMATEB 6. HOW TO RESPOND Ar gyfer beth mae’r asesiad? Beth yw’r stori? Beth mae’r stori yn ei olygu? Beth sydd angen digwydd? Sut ydym yn gwybod os ydym yn gwneud cynnydd? What is the assessment for? What is the story? What does the story mean? What needs to happen? How do we know we are making progress?

7. GWEITHREDU 7. ACTION Mae datblygu’r arferion sydd eu hangen i gefnogi meddwl beirniadol yn cymryd llawer o ymdrech. Dylech drin eich ymateb cyntaf i sefyllfa, mater neu berson fel un dros dro. Ceisiwch osgoi’r cymhelliad i farnu yn seiliedig ar eich ymateb cychwynnol. Ydych chi wedi arsylwi’n ofalus? Archwiliwch eich ymateb(ion). Ceisiwch ddeall pam y bu i chi ymateb yn y ffordd honno. Pa ragdybiaethau oeddech chi’n eu gwneud? Pa brofiadau blaenorol sydd wedi cyfrannu o bosibl at eich ymateb? Developing the habits required to support critical thinking takes conscious effort. Treat your first reaction to a situation, issue, or person as temporary. Resist the urge to pass judgement based only upon initial reactions. Have you observed carefully? Examine your reaction(s). Try to understand why you reacted the way you did. What assumptions were you making? What previous experiences may have contributed to your reaction?