Ecology-population dynamics II

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Presentation transcript:

Ecology-population dynamics II Regulation of Population

Reproductive potential

Enormous reproductive potential of organisms

Reproductive potential

Huge reproductive potential

Environmental resistance

Environmental resistance

Population regulating factors

Hurricane_Density dependent or not?

Hillfire_Density dependent or not?

Predation_density dependent?

Predator vs prey density depednent

Predator vs prey_Camouflage

Predator vs Prey

Prey_group_alarm call

Predator_Cheetah_speed

Predation_density dependent?

Predator vs prey

The Kaibab deer story

Competition Two major types: Intraspecific competition 2. Interspecific competition

Overcrowding -Overlapping niche

Barnacle_filter feeders

Barnacle_Evidence for competition?

Niche_fundamental vs realized

Classic studies of resource competition by Gause (1934, 1935) Paramecium caudatum Paramecium aurelia Paramecium bursaria

Classic studies of resource competition by Gause (1934, 1935) Gause found that interactions between Paramecium aurelia and P. caudatum always ended in competitive exclusion.

Competitive exclusion “experimental” evidence

Classic studies of resource competition by Gause (1934, 1935) Gause found that interactions between Paramecium aurelia and P. caudatum always ended in competitive exclusion. Within 14 days Paramecium aurelia WON!

Classic studies of resource competition by Gause (1934, 1935) In contrast, Paramecium bursia and P. caudatum could coexist. Paramecium bursaria Paramecium caudatum

Classic studies of resource competition by Gause (1934, 1935) WHY? In contrast, Paramecium bursia and P. caudatum could coexist. Paramecium bursaria Paramecium caudatum

Classic studies of resource competition by Gause (1934, 1935) Because they inhabited different regions of the flask and ate different food. P. bursia fed on the bottom of the flask, and P. caudatum ate the bacteria in suspension.

Classic studies of resource competition by Gause (1934, 1935) In contrast, both P. aurelia and P. caudatum ate the bacteria in suspension.

Gause’s Principle (Law) When the niches* of two species overlap, there will be competition; and, if the overlap is extreme, there will be competitive exclusion. *Niche = the ranges of conditions and resources within which an organism or species persists.

Gause’s Principle (Law) When the niches* of two species overlap, there will be competition; and, if the overlap is extreme, there will be competitive exclusion. This is also called the Competitive Exclusion Principle

Competition (-/-) is central to both evolutionary theory and ecological theory: Competition can be a powerful selection pressure _in the long run_i.e. evolutionary Competition affects the structures of communities _in the short run_i.e. ecological

Resource competition can only occur when the same resource are used_overlapping of niche. If resources are in limiting supply.

Competition _evidence? Suggest an investgation to prove your hypothesis

Resource Partitoning Resource Partitoning

Life span_varying with population density

Human pop growth_I

Human pop growth_II

Demographic transition