The End-of-Life of Perovskite PV Jeannette M. Kadro, Anders Hagfeldt  Joule  Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 29-46 (September 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2017.07.013 Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Joule 2017 1, 29-46DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.07.013) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 PV Waste and Glass Production Capacity Scenarios (A) Estimated cumulative global waste volumes (Mt) of end-of-life PV panels, reproduced from International Renewable Energy Agency.1 (B) Global flat glass use for PV and capacity in 2009. Adapted from Fthenakis et al. with permission.2 Joule 2017 1, 29-46DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.07.013) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Schematic Device Architecture, Processing Flows, and Cost (A) Schematic cross-section of typical PSC device. (B) Schematic fabrication process flow. (C) Suggested selective dissolution process by Kim et al., adapted with permission.10 (D) Estimated relative cost per m2 PSC panel, adapted with data from Binek et al.11 Joule 2017 1, 29-46DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.07.013) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Outcomes of Various Environmental Impact Analyses (A) Distributions of the primary energy consumption for manufacturing of TiO2-based perovskite module. Contributions less than 1% are not shown in the pie chart. Reproduced from Gong et al. with permission.66 (B) Data shown are for cradle to gate and 5 year lifetime assumption for all studies, adapted from Kim et al.10 (C) Reproduced from Celik et al., with permission, this shows a comparison of perovskite devices with commercial PV technologies when normalized to mono-Si for selected impact categories.82 Note that GWP and PED stand for global warming potential and primary energy demand. Within each impact category, the impact (per m2 of module manufactured) from each technology was divided by the impact from mono-Si. For mono-Si the bar height is unity for each impact category. For nine impact categories, the total impact for mono-Si is given as nine units. The data for mono-Si, poly-Si, a-Si, CdTe, and CIS are directly extracted from the EcoInvent database. (D) Normalized impact scores for the comparison between the manufacture of the cell and two disposal scenarios: when the cell is landfilled and when the cell is incinerated and lead is recovered. ILCD methodology has been applied. The system functional unit is 1 kWh, adapted from Serrano-Lujan et al. with permission.31 Joule 2017 1, 29-46DOI: (10.1016/j.joule.2017.07.013) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions