How are they classified? You Make Me Sick KEY QUESTIONS What are Pathogens? How are they classified? Are they good or bad?

What are Pathogens? pathogen or infectious agent: a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host

What is a pathogen? Pathogens will make you sick Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Protozoa(Parasites) that make you sick. Why do they make you sick? They use us to get the energy they need to survive and/or reproduce How do they make you sick? They produce poisons (toxins) that result in fever, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea and destruction of body tissue.

Where do you get a pathogen? Indirect & Direct Contact Contact with people who are sick Food, Water, or other Surfaces that are contaminated Direct contact Foods that could be contaminated

What are some common bacterial pathogens? E. coli Pathogenic E. coli Found in ground beef, contaminated fruits and vegetables Salmonella Found in raw meats, poultry, eggs, sprouts, fruit and vegetables Listeria Found in deli foods, lunch meats, smoked fish and vegetables Salmonella Listeria

What are the 6 Kingdoms? Archaebacteria Eubacteria Monera Protists Fungi Plants Animals Monera (aka bacteria)

Kingdom Monera Most numerous organism on Earth Most Ancient Microscopic Prokaryotes Evolution has yielded many species adapted to survive where no other organisms can. Grouped based on: Structure, physiology, molecular Composition, reaction to specific types of stain. Eubacteria= Germs/bacteria Archaebacteria

Archaebacteria Live in extreme locations: Oxygen-free environments Concentrated salt- water Hot, acidic water Since the archaeon eon (Ancient bacteria) Methanogens Methanogens make methane (natural gas Thermophiles can grow In hot springs and boiling water Halophiles can turn extremely salty environments pink

Eubacteria Heterotrophs –found everywhere and lives off living/dead organisms Photosynthetic autotrophs – makes their own food Chemosynthetic autotrophs (sounds like photosynthesis) The first organisms on Earth to do modern photosynthesis

Single celled organisms Very small Need a microscope to see What are bacteria? Single celled organisms Very small Need a microscope to see Can be found on most materials and surfaces Billions on and in your body right now Streptococcus can cause strep throat. This E. coli helps you digest food. E. Coli O157:H7 can make you very sick.

Bacteria compared to a white blood cell that is going to eat it

Clean skin has about 20 million bacteria per square inch

What do they look like? Three basic shapes Bacilli Three basic shapes Rod shaped called bacilli (buh-sill-eye) Round shaped called cocci (cox-eye) Spiral shaped Some exist as single cells, others cluster together Cocci Spiral Cluster of cocci

Remember the 5 characteristics of life? Bacteria are ALIVE! What does it mean to be alive? Remember the 5 characteristics of life?

How do bacteria reproduce? Grow in number not in size Humans grow in size from child to adult Make copies of themselves by dividing in half Human parents create a child

How do bacteria reproduce? Binary Fission- the process of one organism dividing into two organisms Fission is a type of asexual reproduction https://youtu.be/gEwzDydciWc Asexual reproduction- reproduction of a living thing from only one parent How?... The one main (circular) chromosome makes a copy of itself Then it divides into two

Bacterial Reproduction Binary Fission – reproduction in which a bacteria cell divides into two cells that are the same as the original. They can reproduce in 15 minutes if resources are available.

How do bacteria eat Some make their own food from sunlight—like plants Photosynthetic bacteria Some make their own food from sunlight—like plants Some are scavengers Share the environment around them Example: The bacteria in your stomach are now eating what you ate for breakfast Some are warriors (pathogens) They attack other living things Example: The bacteria on your face can attack skin causing infection and acne Harmless bacteria on the stomach lining E. Coli O157:H7 is a pathogen

Bacteria are of immense importance because of their rapid growth, reproduction, and mutation rates, as well as, their ability to exist under adverse conditions. The oldest fossils known, nearly 3.5 billion years old, are fossils of bacteria-like organisms.

Are all bacteria pathogens? No, most are harmless Some are even helpful Examples of helpful bacteria: Lactobacillus: makes cheese, yogurt, & buttermilk and produces vitamins in your intestine Leuconostoc: makes pickles & sauerkraut Pediococcus: makes pepperoni, salami, & summer sausage

A Closer Look – Helpful Bacteria Pediococcus - used in production of fermented meats Lactobacillus casei – found in human intestines and mouth to improve digestion Leuconostoc cremoris – used in the production of buttermilk and sour cream Lactobacillus bulgaricus – used in the production of yogurt

Other Bacteria live symbiotically in the guts of animals or elsewhere in their bodies. For example, bacteria in your gut produce vitamin K which is essential to blood clot formation. Still other Bacteria live on the roots of certain plants, converting nitrogen into a usable form. E.coli on small intestines

Examples of Bacterial Pathogens E. coli O157:H7 Salmonella What shape are these bacteria? Cocci, bacilli, or spiral? Staphylococcus aureus Campylobacter jejuni

Kingdom Protista

Protista can be Pathogens The Protista kingdom includes Algae, and Protozoans. They may have features like those of plants, animals, and fungi. They may be single celled or multicellular.

Protist can reproduce sexually or asexually Budding and Fission Meiosis

Common Protista Pathogens Sporozoan – lives in blood and may cause malaria. Trypanosome – lives in blood and may cause sleeping sickness. Entamoeba histolytica – lives in the intestines and can cause severe diarrhea.

Groups are based on movement . This includes movement by How do they move ? Groups are based on movement . This includes movement by flagella, cilia, pseudopods . false feet’ Hair like structure Streaming cytoplasm Whip like structure

Viruses

What are Viruses? Viruses and smaller than bacteria and much smaller than eukaryotes. They consist of a shell made of protein and lipid which protect the genetic material inside. They are not alive and none are helpful.

How do Viruses reproduce? Viruses cannot reproduce or express their genes without the help of a living cell. Once a virus has "infected" a cell, it will “control" the cell's ribosomes, enzymes and much of the cellular machinery to reproduce. Viral reproduction produces many, many progeny, that when complete, leave the host cell to infect other cells in the organism.

How do Viruses reproduce?

Diseases cased by Viruses Common Cold HIV-AIDS Influenza Measles (Rubella) Mumps Polio Rabies Smallpox Hepatitis Herpes Avian or Bird Flu Swine Flu Meningitis Mononucleosis Warts Hepatitis Bronchiolitis Colorado Tick Fever Encephalitis

Fungi

What is a Fungi? Fungi are Eukaryotic heterotrophs and are unicellular and multicellular Some live as saprophytes (live on rotting organic matter) They perform a crucial role in nature by decomposing dead organisms Some live in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship

How do Fungi Reproduce They produce spores Budding – Buds that break off from the parent and produce an identical copy Meiosis – sharing DNA with similar fungi

Examples of Fungi molds yeasts Mushrooms mildews Yeast: Candida albicans mildews

Diseases caused by fungi Ringworm Necoformans (Valley Fever) Fungal Eye Infections Fungal Men Candida Infection Fungal Meningitis Aspergillus Infection Athlete's Foot

How can I avoid getting sick from pathogens? Wash your hands often so you won’t transfer bacteria to your mouth or food Warm water with soap for 20 seconds, rub hard between fingers and nails USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom© University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

How can I avoid getting sick from pathogens? Cook food thoroughly to kill any pathogens that may be in your food Store food properly to limit pathogen growth Cold temperatures (40F) USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom© University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

Antiseptic vs. Disinfectants Controlling Bacteria Antiseptic vs. Disinfectants Antiseptic- chemicals that kill bacteria on living things means – “against infection” Examples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, soap, mouthwash Disinfectants- stronger chemicals that destroy bacteria on objects or nonliving things

Bacteria are prokaryotic and unicellular. Bacteria have cell walls. Review Bacteria are prokaryotic and unicellular. Bacteria have cell walls. Bacteria have circular DNA called plasmids Bacteria can be anaerobes or aerobes. Bacteria are heterotrophs or autotrophs. Bacteria are awesome!

Bacteria, Fungi, and Protista are living organisms Most are harmless Review Bacteria, Fungi, and Protista are living organisms Most are harmless A few are pathogens that make you sick You can reduce the risk of getting sick by washing your hands and handling food properly. USDA NIFSI Food Safety in the Classroom© University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2006

Review Shapes of Bacteria

Bacteria can reproduce sexually by conjugation or asexually by binary fission.