Learning Objective: To be able to describe the current spatial pattern for forced labour, maternal mortality rates and capital punishment. To be able to explain the current spatial pattern by considering the factors that influence global variations in human rights (of the above).

….“ everyone has the right to life, liberty and security.” Article 3 of the UDHR states: ….“ everyone has the right to life, liberty and security.” Forced labour, maternal mortality rates (MMR) and capital punishment are all connected to this most basic of human rights. Maps of global patterns all illustrate significant spatial variations in their prevalence.

Patterns of human rights violations 1. Forced Labour and modern slavery

Forced labour “Situations in which persons are coerced to work through the use of violence or intimidation or by more subtle means such as accumulation of debt, retention of identity papers or threats of denunciation (the informing of) to immigration authorities”. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) Watch this clip. And this clip.

Forced labour includes: Children who are denied an education because they are forced to work. Men unable to leave work because of debts owed to recruitment agencies. Women and girls exploited as unpaid, abused, domestic workers. It is estimated that 21 million people globally are victims of forced labour. 11.4 million women and girls. 9.5 million men and boys. 19 million of these are exploited by private individuals or enterprises and 2 million by state or rebel groups.

Modern day slavery in 2014

Mauritania The Haratine make up the main ‘slave caste’ and are descended from black African ethnic groups along the Senegal river who have historically been raided by White Moors. The White Moors form the ethnic elite in Mauritania and control the economy, government, military and police. Today, virtually all cases of slavery in Mauritania, involves Haratine born into slavery and belonging to White Moors masters. Those who are still in slavery today are treated as property by their masters. They are never paid for the work they do, although they may be given food and shelter. People in slavery often suffer from degrading treatment, are excluded from education and politics, and are not allowed to own land or inheriting property.

Forced Labour Note down some examples of forced labour around the world.

Types of forced labour? Domestic workers (often females) Sex slaves (often females) Bonded labour e.g. Construction jobs (recruitment agencies from overseas) Illegal labour (illegal immigrants) Sweat shops Child labour, Child soldiers.

However, victims per thousand inhabitants is: Asia-Pacific region = 11.7 million (56%) Africa = 3.7 million (18%) Latin America = 1.8 million (9%). Developed Economies and European Union = 1.5 million (7%).  Central and South-eastern European countries, and the Commonwealth of Independent States = 1.6 million (7%).  Middle East = 600,000 (3%) However, victims per thousand inhabitants is: highest in the Central/South-eastern Europe and Africa regions at 4.2 and 4.0 per 1,000 inhabitants due to trafficking of labour/sexual exploitation as well as state enforced labour.  Lowest in the Developed Economies and European Union at 1.5 per 1,000 inhabitants. 

Factors affecting global variations of forced labour

Factors affecting global variations of forced labour Homework Stretch and Challenge activity page 245 using http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/ website

Patterns of human rights violations 2. Maternal Mortality Rates

Maternal Mortality Rates (MMR) Maternal Mortality ‘The death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy …… from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management’. (WHO) MMR The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes).

One of the Millennium Development Goals

http://www.indexmundi.com/g/r.aspx?v=2223

Country 1990 2000 2015 China 97 58 27 Equatorial Guinea 1310 702 342 India 556 374 174 Liberia 1500 1270 725 Worth noting was 1800 in 1995 Luxembourg 12 13 10 Nigeria 1350 1170 814

Which is most effective at displaying the data? Why?

Key facts Every day, approximately 830 women die from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. 99% of all maternal deaths occur in developing countries (over half of these in Sub Saharan Africa and 1/3 in South Asia) Maternal mortality is higher in women living in rural areas and among poorer communities. Young adolescents (under 15) face a higher risk of complications and death as a result of pregnancy than other women. - Developed Countries – 1 in 4900 - Developing countries - 1 in 180 - Fragile Developing countries – 1 in 54

Causes of maternal deaths. Most are preventable and therefore are avoidable and so MMR is often a violation of human rights. TASK How could the avoidable deaths be prevented?

How could they be avoided? Improving access to health care facilities Having trained/skilled professionals at birth. Addressing health issues prior to giving birth. Education of population (females AND males). Making child brides illegal. Improving rights of women (emancipation). Improving level of development.

Task Read page 246 and refer to figure 8.8 on page 245 and: Describe the spatial variation of MMR. Explain the factors that account for this variation in the global pattern of MMRs.

Patterns of human rights violations 3. Capital punishment

Capital Punishment When the sentence given for crimes is the death penalty. This contravenes the most basic of the human rights declarations – The ‘right to life’. The big issue: - What crimes the sentence is given for? - How the death penalty is carried out? - The reliability of the trial/guilt of the crime?

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24817887

What does this tell us about capital punishment?

Task Read page 246/247 and: Explain why the numbers of executions vary spatially throughout the world.