Immigrants & housing: Montréal PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM AUTHORS C/O damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca 06/04/2019 The housing situation of recent immigrants in the Montréal CMA: insights from Metropolis census data and the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada Damaris Rose, Annick Germain & Virginie Ferreira (INRS-Urbanisation, Culture et Société, Montréal) Presentation in workshop “Immigrants and the Housing Markets of Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver”, National Metropolis Conference, Vancouver, 23-26 March 2006 06/04/2019 Immigrants & housing: Montréal Rose, Germain & Ferreira, Metropolis - Vancouver

Immigrants & housing: Montréal PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM AUTHORS C/O damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca 06/04/2019 Outline Immigration and housing in the Montréal CMA: some elements of context Immigrant households and their housing situation: insights from Metropolis census data Newcomers’ housing conditions about 6 months after arrival (2001-2002): insights from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (cross-tabular data) Conclusion 06/04/2019 Immigrants & housing: Montréal Rose, Germain & Ferreira, Metropolis - Vancouver

Immigration and housing in the Montréal CMA: some elements of context PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM AUTHORS C/O damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca 06/04/2019 Immigration and housing in the Montréal CMA: some elements of context 06/04/2019 Immigrants & housing: Montréal Rose, Germain & Ferreira, Metropolis - Vancouver

Recent immigration flows: size, immigration category PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM AUTHORS C/O damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca 06/04/2019 Recent immigration flows: size, immigration category Recent immigrants: relative importance in Mtl immigr 10 yrs = 6% of CMA popn (vs T&V 17%) fewer arrivals in 1996-2001 than in 1991-1995 cohort diffs. 1996-2001 vs 1991-1995 (QC)… % refugees, % family reunification, no change in % economic category new selection criteria (1996-) for skilled workers (youth + human capital…)  46% 30, only 11% >40 (2002 survey: Godin/MRCI 2004)  lower earnings (beginning of career), probably more single people  what are the housing implications?… 06/04/2019 Immigrants & housing: Montréal Rose, Germain & Ferreira, Metropolis - Vancouver

Immigrant origins, visible minority status PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM AUTHORS C/O damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca 06/04/2019 Immigrant origins, visible minority status Immigrant origins much more diverse than in V, and somewhat more so than in T More even distribution by world regions Top 10 birth countries = smaller % of total Share of visible minorities is lower ( 50%, vs >70% in T & V) Composition of visible minorities is different fewer S. Asian & Chinese, more Arab & Black These trends = cumulative result of specific history of immigration to Mtl + recent QC immigration policy 06/04/2019 Immigrants & housing: Montréal Rose, Germain & Ferreira, Metropolis - Vancouver

Housing stock, tenure patterns PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM AUTHORS C/O damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca 06/04/2019 Housing stock, tenure patterns Much smaller % single-family dwellings reflects & reinforces historically-low overall levels of home-ownership however, condominium boom is now breaking link dwelling type  tenure Prior to 1986, higher % homeowners among immigrants than Canadian-born More recently, among under-35s, widening gap in home-ownership rates between immigrants and Canadian-born, in favour of latter (Séguin et al. 2003) 06/04/2019 Immigrants & housing: Montréal Rose, Germain & Ferreira, Metropolis - Vancouver

Immigrants & housing: Montréal PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM AUTHORS C/O damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca 06/04/2019 Immigrant households and their housing situation: insights from Metropolis census data 06/04/2019 Immigrants & housing: Montréal Rose, Germain & Ferreira, Metropolis - Vancouver

Immigrant household composition, 2001 PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM AUTHORS C/O damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca 06/04/2019 Immigrant household composition, 2001 Much smaller households than in T & V, overall (2.8) & for visible minorities (3.1) Non-family households more common overall (26%) & for visible minorities (24%) especially common among Euro-origin hholds – but much variability within Euro and VM categories e.g. Chinese, S. & SE Asian, 17-18%; Black, 29% lone parenthood: high not only for Black VM (29%) but also for Latin-American (22%) 06/04/2019 Immigrants & housing: Montréal Rose, Germain & Ferreira, Metropolis - Vancouver

Immigrants & housing: Montréal PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM AUTHORS C/O damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca 06/04/2019 Home ownership by immigrant status and period of immigration, Montréal, 2001 06/04/2019 Immigrants & housing: Montréal Rose, Germain & Ferreira, Metropolis - Vancouver

Immigrants & housing: Montréal PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM AUTHORS C/O damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca 06/04/2019 Recent immigrant (10yrs) household incomes, owners’ payments and rents relative to those of all CMA residents, 2001 and 1996 Avg income – total Avg income - owners Avg income -renters Avg owners’ payments Avg rent Montreal 2001 67%  84% 89%   123%   97%  Montréal 1996 62% 83% 80% 113% 99% Toronto 2001 68%  74% 87%  119%   98%  Toronto 1996 65% 75% 81% 95% Vancouver 2001 73% 71%  90%  111%  100% Vancouver 1996 72% 69% 114% NB: The comparison is between the 2001 situation of immigrants who arrived 1991-2001 and the 1996 situation of immigrants who arrived 1986-1996, i.e. the 1991-1996 cohort is included in both comparison groups. This was necessitated by the categories available in the data compilations. Consequently, what the comparison over time is actually comparing is two things simultaneously: 1) the effect of differences between the 1996-2001 cohort and the 1991-1996 cohort; 2) change in the situation of the 1991-1996 cohort. Additional comments: As regards the 2001 data on immigrants who arrived in the previous 5 years (1996-2001) – data not shown in this table -, their incomes are only 60% of the average in the case of Mtl (vs. 61% in Tor and 64% in Van.). The income ratio for renters is about the same in all 3 CMAs (83-84%), as is that for rents (between 97% and 102%). For owners, however, the lowest income ratio is found in Van. (63%), the highest in Mtl (84%), with Tor. in between (685). Owners’ payments follow the same pattern. However, we must remember than less than 11% of Mtl’s very recent immigrants are home-owners. Improving relative situation  deteriorating relative situation Figures in red italics = CMA with lowest incomes, highest owners’ payments or rents relative to CMA avg 06/04/2019 Immigrants & housing: Montréal Rose, Germain & Ferreira, Metropolis - Vancouver

Housing stress: renters PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM AUTHORS C/O damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca 06/04/2019 Housing stress: renters STIR 30%: 42% of immigrants 10yrs (vs 55% in 1996) STIR 50%: 17% of Canadian-born 20% of all immigrants Chinese 30%, Arab/W. Asian 27% 23% of recent immigrants (10yrs) 28% of very recent immigrants (5yrs) Those in stress pay slightly higher rents, but key problem is low income 06/04/2019 Immigrants & housing: Montréal Rose, Germain & Ferreira, Metropolis - Vancouver

Housing stress: homeowners PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM AUTHORS C/O damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca 06/04/2019 Housing stress: homeowners STIR 30% (modest incomes) 34% of recent immigrants (10yrs) amelioration cf equivalent group in 1996 (43%) vis. min. % vary: highest = Arab/W.Asian (33%) STIR 50% (low incomes) 5% of Canadian-born 9% of all immigrants Black, Chinese, Arab/W. Asian, Lat. Am: 12-13% 14% of recent immigrants (10yrs) Those in stress have both higher payments + low incomes 06/04/2019 Immigrants & housing: Montréal Rose, Germain & Ferreira, Metropolis - Vancouver

Housing core need, Montréal CMA, 2001 PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM AUTHORS C/O damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca 06/04/2019 Housing core need, Montréal CMA, 2001 Source: CMHC (2004) Research Highlight, Socio-Economic Series Issue 7 revised, Appendix Table 3 06/04/2019 Immigrants & housing: Montréal Rose, Germain & Ferreira, Metropolis - Vancouver

Immigrants & housing: Montréal PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM AUTHORS C/O damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca 06/04/2019 Newcomers’ housing conditions about 6 months after arrival (2001-’02): insights from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (cross-tabular data) 06/04/2019 Immigrants & housing: Montréal Rose, Germain & Ferreira, Metropolis - Vancouver

Montréal newcomers: distinctive characteristics (cf. T & V) PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM AUTHORS C/O damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca 06/04/2019 Montréal newcomers: distinctive characteristics (cf. T & V) Human capital highest % aged 25-44 (76%) lowest % with no post-secondary educ. (19%) highest % with 1 foreign qualification (83%) highest % with official language skills (90%) highest % of economic immigrants (73%) almost all are skilled workers – few business immigrants Regions of origin Highest % from Europe (20%) Highest % from Africa (30%) Source: StatCan 2005, cat. 89-611-F, Annex A 06/04/2019 Immigrants & housing: Montréal Rose, Germain & Ferreira, Metropolis - Vancouver

Distinctive living arrangements and dwelling types PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM AUTHORS C/O damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca 06/04/2019 Distinctive living arrangements and dwelling types Mtl has highest % couples no children (23%) & people living alone (16%) skilled workers: lowest % arrive with spouse (StatCan 2005, cat. 89-611-XIF, Annexe A) multifamily living generally uncommon higher for S. Asian (family reunif.?) & W. Asian (refugees?) Low-rise apartment living predominates (57%); few live in single-family dwellings (13%) Policy effects (more points if 35) on household types? Influence of housing stock on living arrangements? 06/04/2019 Immigrants & housing: Montréal Rose, Germain & Ferreira, Metropolis - Vancouver

Montréal newcomers: housing outcomes after 6 months (1) PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM AUTHORS C/O damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca 06/04/2019 Montréal newcomers: housing outcomes after 6 months (1) Tenure: only 5.6% in homeowner household rises to 20% for business immigrants Crowding: overall, lower rates cf T and V except for refugees (65% crowded) Difficulty finding suitable housing? - much higher % (48%) said yes Nature of difficulties (cf. T and V) cost less important low vacancy rate, discrimination much more important 06/04/2019 Immigrants & housing: Montréal Rose, Germain & Ferreira, Metropolis - Vancouver

Montréal newcomers: housing outcomes after 6 months (2) PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM AUTHORS C/O damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca 06/04/2019 Montréal newcomers: housing outcomes after 6 months (2) Mtl has highest rate of housing stress: 60%, with 34% in extreme stress Stress by entry category: business, 27%; family class, 54%; skilled workers, 61%; refugees, 81% Extreme stress: W. Asians over-represented Not in stress: E. Asians over-represented Why is stress highest in Mtl? LICO indicator similar to T & V, but is newcomer poverty deeper in Mtl? Mtl newcomers: lowest employment rate, 31% youthful age structure  less savings? 06/04/2019 Immigrants & housing: Montréal Rose, Germain & Ferreira, Metropolis - Vancouver

Immigrants & housing: Montréal PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM AUTHORS C/O damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca 06/04/2019 Conclusion Mtl’s recent immigrants = the most heterogeneous i.t.o. origins, household type; younger age structure Homeownership rates falling behind Canadian-born Improvement in renters’ relative situation 1996-2001… …but their very low incomes - in spite of high human capital - make newcomers very vulnerable to housing stress (and discrimination?) in tightening housing market since 2000  importance of research to follow LSIC cohort to 2 and 4 yrs Visible minority/European distinction not very helpful due to great diversity of housing outcomes within each category  need more research 06/04/2019 Immigrants & housing: Montréal Rose, Germain & Ferreira, Metropolis - Vancouver

Immigrants & housing: Montréal PLEASE DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION FROM AUTHORS C/O damaris_rose@ucs.inrs.ca 06/04/2019 Acknowledgements This study was partially funded by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation and by the National Homelessness Initiative project officer: Jim Zamprelli, CMHC Project director and administrator: Dan Hiebert, UBC Co-researchers: Valerie Preston & Robert Murdie (York U.); Elvin Wyly (UBC); Jean Renaud (U. de Montréal) Thanks also to all the graduate assistants who have participated at various stages of this project 06/04/2019 Immigrants & housing: Montréal Rose, Germain & Ferreira, Metropolis - Vancouver