Schematic diagram showing as yet unexplored pathophysiological mechanisms in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Schematic diagram showing as yet unexplored.

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Schematic diagram showing as yet unexplored pathophysiological mechanisms in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Schematic diagram showing as yet unexplored pathophysiological mechanisms in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). RV: right ventricular; ETRAs: endothelin receptor antagonists; PDE-5: phosphodiesterase-5; CRT: cardiac resynchronisation therapy; SNS: sympathetic nervous system; RAAS: renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; ACEIs: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: angiotension receptor blockers; MSNA: muscle sympathetic nervous activity; HRV: heart rate variability; βAR: cardiomyocyte β1-adrenergic receptor; AT1R: cardiomyocyte angiotensin type 1 receptor; Aldo ant: aldosterone antagonist; RHF: right heart failure; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator. M. L. Handoko et al. Eur Respir Rev 2010;19:72-82 ©2010 by European Respiratory Society