Cells Packet 4

Notes: Cell Membrane Structure The cell or plasma membrane is also known as the ________________________________ since it has 2 layers. It is known as a ______________ ____________ since it is made up of many parts and is not rigid and moves easily. The main function of the cell membrane is to maintain homeostasis by controlling ___________________________ The cell membrane doesn’t let everything through. It is _________________________________and only lets certain things in and out. PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER FLUID MOSAIC MODEL WHAT GOES IN AND OUT SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE

Cell Membrane Diagram Video – Cell membrane CHOLESTEROL INTEGRAL PROTEINS CARB CHAIN PHOSPHATE HEAD FATTY ACID TAILS PHOSPHOLIPID PERIPHERAL PROTEIN

Keep the membrane ____________ FLUID Parts of the Membrane: TYPES: FUNCTION: PICTURES: LIPIDS Phospholipids Polar versus Nonpolar Cholesterol (Steroids) Polars and nonpolars DON’T mix!!! Polar, hydrophilic heads Nonpolar hydrophobic fatty acid tails Keep the membrane ____________ FLUID

Integral Peripheral TRANSPORT RECEIVE SIGNALS IDENTIFY Parts of the Membrane: TYPES: FUNCTION: PICTURES: PROTEINS Integral Peripheral GO ALL THE WAY THROUGH THE MEMBRANE TO __________________THINGS ON THE EDGE OF THE MEMBRANE TO CARBOHYDRATES _____________ A CELL (NAME TAG) TRANSPORT RECEIVE SIGNALS IDENTIFY

Concentration Gradient Differences in concentration on either side of a membrane.

Hill Diagram Active Transport Goes against the concentration gradient (low to high) – needs energy (ATP) P = Pump – solute through a protein E = Endocytosis – move into cell E = Exocytosis – move out of cell High Low High Passive Transport Goes with the concentration gradient (high to low) no energy D = Diffusion – solute moves (Ex: salt) O = Osmosis – water moves F = Facilitated Diffusion – solute moves through protein Low

DIFFUSION – dots such as salt are moving. OSMOSIS - dots can’t move so water moves to dilute the dots FACILITATED DIFFUSION – dots are too big or polar so need to go through a protein Diffusion Osmosis

Miscellaneous terms SOLUTE Part of a solution that is dissolved (Salt) The dots are the solute and solvent is the white space or water. The water dissolves the dots. SOLVENT Part of a solution that does the dissolving (Water) HYPERTONIC a solution with a higher concentration than another solution. (Water out & cell will shrink) HYPOTONIC a solution with a lower concentration than another solution. (Water in & cell will grow) water water

water Miscellaneous terms ISOTONIC a solution with an equal concentration to another solution (Water moves in & out & stays the same size) CYTOLYSIS the bursting of an animal cell when placed in a hypotonic solution. PLASMOLYSIS the shrinking of a plant cell placed in a hypertonic solution. TURGOR PRESSURE the force that pushes out on a plant’s cell wall when it is placed into a hypotonic solution. water

Which way will things move? Given the pictures below, draw arrows in the correct direction to show what will move. You need 4 different colors to make your key:   Diffusion – Red Facilitated diffusion – Green Osmosis – Blue Pump (active transport) – Purple The cell is sitting in a _______________________ solution. The cell is sitting in a _______________________ solution. HYPERTONIC HYPOTONIC   The cell will _____________________ if ___________________ occurs.   The cell will _____________________ if ___________________ occurs. SHRINK GROW OSMOSIS OSMOSIS

Real life scenarios – What will happen???  A saltwater fish is placed into fresh water. What will happen to the cells of this fish? A freshwater fish is placed into a salt water tank. What will happen to the cells of this fish? When it is really humid, doors and windows tend to stick. The higher the humidity the more water there is in the air. Explain why the doors stick?   Water will move in and the fish’s cells will grow. Water will move out and the fish’s cells will shrink. Water from the air moves into the wood of the door causing them to swell so they are harder to close.

Explain the following picture. Salt on a slug will cause water to move out of the slug to dilute the salt on the outside of the body. The slug will dehydrate and die.

Understanding Osmosis & Diffusion (Passive Transport) Hypo = less Hyper = more Iso = same When answering the questions, consider the following information: The oval in each diagram below represents a cell. The black line around the oval is the cell membrane. The space between the dots represents the water (solvent) that the solute is dissolved in. The solute (dots) AND solvent (water) is small enough to pass across the cell membrane. Cell #1 Cell #2 Cell #3

CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCES: The solution outside cell #1 has a/an (higher; LOWER; equal) concentration of solute compared to the solution inside the cell. The solution outside cell #1 is (hypertonic; HYPOTONIC; isotonic) to the solution inside the cell. The inside of cell #1 is (HYPERTONIC; hypotonic; isotonic) to the solution surrounding it. The solution outside cell #2 has a/an (HIGHER; lower; equal) concentration of solute compared to the solution inside the cell. The solution outside cell #2 is (HYPERTONIC; hypotonic; isotonic) to the solution inside the cell. The inside of cell #2 is (hypertonic; HYPOTONIC; isotonic) to the solution surrounding it. The solution outside cell #3 has a/an (higher; lower; EQUAL) concentration of solute compared to the solution inside the cell. The solution outside cell #3 is (hypertonic; hypotonic; ISOTONIC) to the solution inside the cell.

DIFFUSION: If diffusion was to occur to cell #1, in which direction would most of the solute be moving? (into /OUT OF) the cell. If diffusion was to occur to cell #2, in which direction would most of the solute be moving? (INTO /out of) the cell. Describe what happens to the movement of solute for cell #3. THE SOLUTE WOULD MOVE IN AND OUT. Due to the process of diffusion, the solute or dissolved material tries to move from an area of higher concentration into an area of lower concentration (someplace where it can spread out more). According to this statement, which of the above cells would lose the most solute due to diffusion? (CELL #1, CELL #2, CELL #3)

OSMOSIS: If osmosis was to occur in cell #1, which direction would most of the water be moving? (INTO /out of) the cell. Cell #1 should have (lost ; GAINED; stayed the same) mass. If osmosis was to occur in cell #2, which direction would most of the water be moving? (into /OUT OF) the cell. Cell #2 should have (LOST ; gained; stayed the same) mass. If osmosis was to occur in cell #3, which direction would most of the water be moving? (INTO & OUT OF) the cell. Cell #3 should have (lost ; gained; STAYED THE SAME) mass.

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN… Since an animal cell lacks a cell wall, it is important that it be surrounded by a/an (hypertonic; hypotonic; ISOTONIC) solution, so that it does not shrink & shrivel up or swell & rupture due to the effects of osmosis. If red blood cell is surrounded by a hypotonic solution, then the cell would most likely (shrink, SWELL or stay the same size). When plant cells are full of water, the pressure within the cell pushes out onto the cell wall, thus allowing the cell to become more rigid (has turgor pressure). Since this is a good thing for them, plant cells should be surrounded by a/an (hypertonic; HYPOTONIC; isotonic) solution.

Cytoplasmic Organelles An ORGANELLE is a tiny structure that performs a specialized function (or job) in the cell. Structure or Organelle What is the function of the organelle or structure? (What does it do?) Sketch Is it found in Prokaryotes (Yes/No) Eukaryotes… If so which ones? Bacteria Plants Animals Holds & protects the genetic information of the cell. Separates the cell from the outside and controls what enters and leaves the cell Provides added structure & support. Found outside the cell membrane. Location of protein production Nucleolus DNA NUCLEUS NO YES YES Nuclear Envelope Cell Membrane Cell Wall CELL MEMBRANE YES YES YES YES YES NO CELL WALL RIBOSOME YES YES YES

Eukaryotes… If so which ones? Structure or Organelle What is the function of the organelle or structure? (What does it do?) Sketch Is it found in Prokaryotes (Yes/No) Eukaryotes… If so which ones? Bacteria Plants Animals Transport channel of proteins Stacks of membranes that collect, modify, repackage & release proteins for use in or out of the cell. An organelle that contains digestive enzymes used to clean up old worn out parts of the cell (or waste). Uses energy from the sun to make . This process is called ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (E.R) NO YES YES GOLGI APPARTUS (BODIES) NO YES YES LYSOSOMES NO NO YES NO YES NO CHLOROPLAST GLUCOSE PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Eukaryotes… If so which ones? Structure or Organelle What is the function of the organelle or structure? (What does it do?) Sketch Is it found in Prokaryotes (Yes/No) Eukaryotes… If so which ones? Bacteria Plants Animals Makes _______ - a usable form of cell energy. This process is called Sac like structure that stores materials such as water, salts, carbs, and proteins. Framework of filaments and fibers that supports the cell structure. ATP MITOCHONDRIA NO YES YES CELLULAR RESPIRATION Plant Cell NO YES YES (Large (Small) Central) Vacuole VACUOLE Nucleus YES YES YES CYTOSKELETON

Eukaryotes… If so which ones? Structure or Organelle What is the function of the organelle or structure? (What does it do?) Sketch Is it found in Prokaryotes (Yes/No) Eukaryotes… If so which ones? Bacteria Plants Animals Part of the cytoskeleton – long whip-like tail that helps with movement Part of the cytoskeleton – many small hairs that helps with movement as well Part of the cytoskeleton that help with cell division FLAGELLUM YES NO YES Flagellum CILIA NO NO YES CENTRIOLES NO NO YES Pathway for Proteins: proteins made at ribosome proteins travel thru E.R. Proteins modified/ sorted/shipped out of Golgi

Notes: Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Cells Cell Theory All living things are made up of one or more cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of an organism. All cells come from pre-existing cells. All cells can be divided into one of two categories based upon their complexity: Prokaryotic Cells are very Do not have a __________(the part that contains the DNA) Do not have membrane bound Usually small and _______________(meaning they are made up of a single cell) Example: SMALL NUCLEUS ORGANELLES UNICELLULAR BACTERIA

Eukaryotic Cells are Have a Have membrane bound Can be both unicellular and Example: Cells of Structures that are common to all cells are: LARGER NUCLEUS ORGANELLES MULTICELLULAR PLANTS & ANIMALS DNA CELL MEMBRANE CYTOPLASM RIBOSOMES

Complete the table by checking the correct column for each statement: Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Organisms that have cells lacking internal membrane bound structures. X Do not have a nucleus Can be either single-celled or made up of many cells Are always single-celled organisms. Organisms that have cells containing membrane bound organelles

How did the first Eukaryotic cells come about?

How did the first Eukaryotic cells come about? Endosymbiotic Theory – endo means ____________________________, symbiotic means ____________________________ so…… Smaller __________________________ entered inside larger prokaryotes. The smaller prokaryote(s) got ___________________________________. The larger prokaryote got _____________________________________. This smaller cell was really good at producing _____________ and came to be known as the _________________________. Eventually a 2nd small prokaryotic cell was engulfed by the larger cell… This cell was really good at absorbing solar energy and using it to make food for itself and came to be known as the _________________. INSIDE RELATIONSHIP PROKARYOTES PROTECTION ENERGY ATP MITOCHONDRIA CHLOROPLAST

Support for the endosymbiotic theory: Unlike other organelles, mitochondria & chloroplasts both ___________________ independently of the cell. Both mitochondria & chloroplasts contain their own __________ Both have two ___________________around them. REPRODUCE DNA MEMBRANES AUTOGENY _____________________________ Theory – organelles formed when the plasma membrane folded inward producing membranes inside of the cell. Some of the infolds broke off forming various organelles. Endosymbiosis Animation

Cell Specialization Type of cell Picture Function Nerve cell Long and forms chains with other nerve cells to send signals through the body Villi in the small intestine Increased surface area to absorb many nutrients Red blood cell Round to fit through blood vessels Sperm cell Has a tail (flagella) for swimming Skin cells Many layers to protect the body

Cell Specialization Why are cells specialized? What are stem cells? – So different cells can perform different functions. What are stem cells? – Cells that can become anything. They have not differentiated or become specialized yet.

Microscopes 10 x 10 = 100 Types of Microscopes Compound Light Microscope: Uses two lenses: Used to magnify and show detail of a specimen (one that light can pass through). Image is as a result of the lenses that are used. Can magnify up to 1500-2000 times (The ones we have only magnify up to times). The equation below is used to calculate total magnification: Total magnification = magnification of X magnification of Ex: If the eyepiece magnifies the image 10x and the low power objective magnifies the image 10x, then the total magnification of the image would be: OBJECTIVES and OCULAR (EYEPIECE) TRANSLUCENT INVERTED 400 OBJECTIVE lens OCULAR lens 10 x 10 = 100

Microscopes Continued - This is the visible area seen through the microscope when the specimen is in focus. The greater the magnification, the ___________ the field of view will be. FIELD OF VIEW SMALLER LOW POWER MEDIUM POWER HIGH POWER 2. Stereomicroscope (also known as ________________________Microscope). Useful when viewing objects that are too ____________________or too ___________for the compound light microscope. Unlike the compound light microscope, the images seen are not inverted. This is because you are using _______________eyepieces (binocular scope). Can only magnify up to _______ - _______times. DISSECTING LARGE THICK TWO 4X – 50X

ELECTRON MICROSCOPES 3. Scanning Electron Microscopes – _______* SEM Shows the ________________only Can magnify up to __________times SEM SURFACE 100,000 4. Transmission Electron Microscope – ___________* Electrons pass through the object - allows you to “see” _______ Can magnify up to ___________times ** A big problem of the SEM and TEM is that the specimen must be ______________________ in order to view in with one of these microscopes. TEM INSIDE 200,000 DEAD