STEP 10 CRITICAL READING p. 399

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STEP 10 CRITICAL READING p. 399 Houston Community College – Fall 2018 Elizabeth Coiman-Lopez, BAT., MS.

SEPARATING FACT FROM OPINION p. 399 Critical Readers can evaluate an author's support for a point. Critical Readers can determine whether that support is solid or not. READING CRITICALLY: Separating FACT from OPINION 2. Detecting PROPAGANDA 3. Recognizing errors in REASONING. SEPARATING FACT FROM OPINION p. 399

Facts are solidly grounded and can be checked for accuracy. OPINION Facts are solidly grounded and can be checked for accuracy. Facts can be proved true through objective evidence. The evidence may be physical proof or the spoken or written testimony of witnesses. PRACTICE p. 400-401 Opinions are afloat and open to question. An Opinion is a belief, judgment, or conclusion that cannot be objectively proved true. It is open to question. PRACTICE p. 401-402 FACT and OPINION p. 400

POINTS ABOUT FACTS and OPINIONS p. 403 POINTS ABOUT OPINIONS Statements of FACT may be found to be untrue. Factual statements report an observed reality, subjective statements interpret reality. It’s raining outside, (objective) Textbook authors try to be as factual as possible. Most textual materials are based on scientific and study, therefore, textbooks authors do their best to present us with all the FACTS and objective informed opinions. PRACTICE p. 404-406 Opinions use VALUE WORDS, that contain judgment such as: Best great beautiful Worst terrible bad Better lovely good Worse disgusting wonderful VALUE WORDS are generally SUBJECTIVE. The weather is bad. (subjective) For a farmer, the bad weather might be a good weather for him. SIGNAL WORDS: should ought to Many essays, editorials, political speeches, and advertisements may contain facts, but those facts are often carefully selected to back up the authors ‘opinion. PRACTICE p. 404-406 POINTS ABOUT FACTS and OPINIONS p. 403

DETECTING PROPAGANDA p. 407- 409 Critical Readers need to recognize away whether there is solid support for the point in question Critical Readers need to recognize propaganda techniques for the emotional fluff they are 3. TRANSFER Technique: The most popular technique, in which products or candidates try to associate themselves with something that people admire or love. Answer p. 409 4. PLAIN FOLKS Technique: Some people do not trust political candidates who are rich or well-educated, because if elected, they might not understand the problems of the average working person. This technique presents the candidates as ordinary, average citizens, and they are just “plain folks” (BETO & CRUZ). Presidents of large companies appear in their own ads, trying to show that their giant corporations are just family businesses run by plain folks. 1. BANDWAGON Technique: “to jump on the bandwagon”, means to join the “parade” or to do what many others are doing. This technique tells us to buy a product or support certain issue because, “everybody is doing it”. Answer p. 408 2. TESTIMONIAL Technique: Testimonials of famous people influence the viewers that admire these people. Famous people are paid to endorse products and they might not me experts about what they are endorsing. DETECTING PROPAGANDA p. 407- 409

DETECTING PROPAGANDA p. 410 Critical Readers need to recognize propaganda techniques for the emotional fluff they are Critical Readers need to recognize whether there is solid support for the point in question 6. GLITTERING GENERALITIES Technique: It might sound important, but it is an unspecific claim about some product, candidate, or cause. It cannot be proved true or false because lack of evidence. Words such as: great, magical, ultimate, simply the best are used. Answer p. 410 PRACTICE p. 411-412 5. NAME CALLING Technique: Used with emotionally loaded language or negative comments to turn people against a rival product, candidate, or movement. For example: a political candidate labeling an opponent as soft, radical, or wimpy. Answer p. 410 DETECTING PROPAGANDA p. 410

ERRORS IN REASONING are also called FALLACIES. FALLACIES, take the place of the real support needed in an argument. A valid point is based on a rock-like foundation of solid support A fallacious point is based on a house of cards that offers no real support at all. It is often used in political arguments, due to deliberate manipulation or careless thinking. ERRORS IN REASONING p. 412