Join Me In My Adventure… The Discovery of The Cell! Chapter 1 Section 2

Entering The Cell Cell Wall Organelles are tiny structures inside cells that carry out certain functions. Cell Wall A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms. A plant’s cell wall helps to support and protect the cell. It is made up of strong flexible material called cellulose. Some material, like oxygen and water can pass through easily. Animal cells do not have cell walls.

Cell Membrane The next barrier after the cell wall. All cells have cell membranes. In cells without cell walls, the membrane is the outer layer. The cell membrane controls what substances come in and out of the cell. Needed materials are allowed in and waste is let out. What part of a factory is most like the cell membrane? What about the cell wall? The door to the factory of course! The cell wall is like a security gate…I bet you knew that!

Sail on to the Nucleus The nucleus acts as the brain of the cell. The nucleus is the control center, directing the cell’s activities. Nuclear Membrane A membrane that surrounds and protects the nucleus. Material passes in and out of the nucleus through pores in the nuclear envelope.

Chromatin The strands inside the nuclear envelope that contain genetic material are called chromatin. Holds the instructions for directing cell functions. Nucleolus The nucleolus is a floating structure in the chromatin that produces Ribosomes. Ribosomes produce proteins in the cell. What organ in the body is most like the nucleus? The brain smarty pants!!!

Organelles in the Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is in the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus. The cytoplasm is a clear, thick, gel-like fluid that constantly moves. Many organelles are found here. Mitochondria Known as the “powerhouses” of the cell. They convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to perform it’s functions Mitochondria are rod-shaped.

Endoplasmic Reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum is a passageway to carry proteins from one part of the cell to another. Ribosomes Ribosomes are the cell’s protein factories. Some are found attached to the endoplasmic reticulum and some float freely in the cytoplasm. What types of cells might contain many mitochondria?

Golgi Bodies Chloroplasts The Golgi Bodies receive the proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and distribute them to other parts of the cell. They also release things outside the cell. They look like flattened sacs and tubes. Thought of as the cells “mail room”. Chloroplasts Chloroplasts capture energy from the sun and use it to produce food for the cell. They are large green structures in the cell. They occur mostly in plant cells.

Vacuoles Vacuoles are the storage areas of the cells. They store food and other materials needed by the cell. Plant cells usually have one large vacuole. Some animal cells have them, some don’t. They also store waste products. Which organelle is used to transport materials?

Lysosomes Lysosomes are small, round structures containing chemicals used to break down certain materials in the cell. Some of the chemicals break down large food particles. They also break down old cell parts and release them to be used again.

Specialized Cells In many-celled organisms, cells are often organized into tissues, organs and organ systems. Tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. The brain contains mostly nervous tissue (nerve cells). Some cells are designed to perform a specific function (red blood cells). An organ is made of different tissues that function together. The brain is also part of the nervous system. An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a major function. Give an example of an organ system (other than the nervous system).

Levels of Organization 1.)__________________ 2.)__________________ 3.)__________________ 4.)__________________ 5.)__________________ Example 1.)__________________ 2.)__________________ 3.)__________________ 4.)__________________ 5.)__________________

Levels of Organization 1.) Cells 2.) Tissue 3.) Organ 4.) Organ System 5.) Organism Example

Bacterial Cells These cells are different from plant and animal cells. They do not contain a nucleus. The cell’s genetic materials is located in the cytoplasm. They contain ribosomes, but none of the other organelles. Bacterial cells are usually smaller than other cells.

Let's "Cell"ebrate!