12 Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia

The Spread of Islamic Civilization The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements The Coming of Islam to South Asia The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia

The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak

The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras Abbasid empire weakened, 9th-13th centuries Peasant revolts Al-Mahdi (775-785) Shi’a unreconciled Succession not secure

The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras Imperial Extravagance and Succession Disputes Harun al-Rashid Son of al-Mahdi The Thousand and One Nights Barmicides Persian advisors Death followed by civil war Al-Ma'mun

Imperial Breakdown and Agrarian Disorder Civil unrest Caliphs build lavishly Tax burden increases Agriculture suffers

The Declining Position of Women in the Family and Society Seclusion, veil Polygyny

Nomadic Incursions and the Eclipse of Caliphal Power Former provinces threaten Abbasids Buyids, Persia Take Baghdad, 945 Sultans Seljuk Turks 1055, defeat Buyids Sunnis Shi'a purges Defeat Byzantines, Egypt

The Impact of the Christian Crusades 1096, western European Christian knights Small kingdoms established Saladin retakes lands Last in 1291

An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements Urban growth Merchants thrive

The Full Flowering of Persian Literature Persian the court language Administration, literature Arabic in religion, law, sciences Calligraphy Firdawsi Shah-Nama Epic poem

The Full Flowering of Persian Literature Sa'di Omar Kayyan Rubaiyat

Achievements in the Sciences Math Build on Greek work Chemistry Experiments Al-Razi Al-Biruni Specific weights

The Spread of Islam, 10th-16th Centuries

Achievements in the Sciences Medicine Hospitals Courses of study

Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion Sufis Mysticism Ulama Conservative Against outside influence Greek philosophy rejected Qur'an sufficient

Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion Al-Ghazali Synthesis of Greek, Qur'anic ideas Opposed by orthodoxy

New Waves of Nomadic Invasions and the End of the Caliphate Mongols Chinggis Khan Hulegu 1258, Baghdad falls Last Abbasid killed

Modern States with a Sizable Muslim Population

The Coming of Islam to South Asia By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central Conflict between two different systems Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism Muslim egalitarianism v. Indian caste system

Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasions First as traders, 8th century Attacks lead to invasion Muhammad ibn Qasim Umayyad general Takes Sind, Indus valleys Indians treated as dhimmi

Early Islam in India

Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization Science, math, medicine, music, astronomy India influences Arab

From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions 10th century, Turkish dynasty established in Afghanistan Mahmud of Ghazni Begins invasion of India

From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions Muhammad of Ghur Persian State in Indus valley Thence to Bengal His lieutenant, Qutb-ud-Din Aibak forms state at Delhi Delhi sultanate rules for 300 years

Patterns of Conversion Converts especially among Buddhists, lower castes, untouchables Also, conversion to escape taxes Muslims fleeing Mongols, 13th, 14th centuries

Patterns of Accommodation High-caste Hindus remain apart Muslims also often fail to integrate

Islamic Challenge and Hindu Revival Bhakti Devotional cults Emotional approach Caste distinctions dissolved Shiva, Vishnu, Kali especially Mira Bai, Kabir, Songs in regional languages

Stand-off: The Muslim Presence in India at the End of the Sultanate Period Brahmins v. ulama Separate communities

The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia Shrivijaya Trading Contacts and Conversion Trading leads to peaceful conversion Sufis important Starting with Sumatran ports

The Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia

The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia Malacca Thence to Malaya, Sumatra, Demak (Java) Coastal cities especially receptive Buddhist elites, but population converts to Islam Sufi Mystics and the Nature of Southeast Asian Islam