DNA "The Blueprint of Life"

Hershey-Chase Experiment 1952 experiment that determined that DNA was the genetic material. Alfred Hershey (1908-1997) and Martha Chase (1923-2003) showed that the DNA, not the protein, of the phage virus contains the phage genes. After a phage particle attaches to a bacterium, its DNA enters through a tiny hole while its protein coat remains outside. Key to the success of the experiment was showing that viral infection was unaffected by violent agitation in a kitchen blender (a Waring Blendor) which removed the empty viral protein shells from the bacterial surface. The Hershey-Chase experiment became known as the "blender experiment." https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1cd68YkVdM http://highered.mheducation.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/120076/bio21.swf::Hershey+and+Chase+Experiment

DNA stands for... DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

DNA FACTS Discovery of DNA and Nobel Prize to James Watson and Francis Crick     Described specifics of the double helix structure

DNA FACTS Francis and Crick built on the research of: Rosalind Franklin determined double-helix shape using x-ray crystallography Erwin Chargraff determined that the number of pyrimidines= purines (complementary base pairing)

DNA Facts: (cont’d) codes for your genes (traits) made of repeating subunits called nucleotides two anti-parallel strands

What is a nucleotide? Has three parts: PHOSPHATE DEOXYRIBOSE (sugar) BASE : Purines: (hex plus pent structure) Adenine, Guanine Pyrimidines: (hex structure) Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

Base-Pair Rule Adenine <==> Thymine Guanine <==> Cytosine The sides of the DNA ladder are phosphate & sugar held together by  hydrogen bonds

Base Pair Rule One side:     A   T   A      T   C   A      T   G   C      G   G   G Other side:

How the Code Works The combination of A,T,G,C determines what traits you might have..... C A T C A T   =  purple hair T A C T A C  =  yellow hair

Think of the bases of DNA like letters. Letters form words.... Words form sentences....                 *endless                combinations

Let's Review What We Know About DNA 1.  DNA stands for:   De _____ ribo ______  acid 2.  What is the shape of DNA? _______________ 3.  Who established the structure of DNA?  ____________ 4.  Adenine always pairs with _______________ 5.  The sides of the DNA ladder are deoxyribose and _____ 6.  Guanine always pairs with _____________ 7.  What is the complimentary sequence:   A A T  G  C A 8.  The two sides of DNA are held together by _______ bonds. 9.  DNA is composed of repeating subunits called ______________________ 10.  What are the 4 bases that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder? _______________________________________

DNA REPLICATION the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself (cell division) SEMI-CONSERVATIVE - half of the old strand is saved

RNA - the messenger   *single strand *ribose sugar *contains no thymine, uracil instead *follows base pair rule DNA:   A  T  A   G  C  G RNA:  

RNA carries the "message" to the ribosomes, where proteins are made

DNA --> RNA --> Protein Proteins are the building blocks of the organism (traits)

Transcription -  process where RNA is made from DNA Translation - process where proteins are made from RNA