Pharmacokinetics of intravenous emulsified isoflurane in beagle dogs

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Pharmacokinetics of intravenous emulsified isoflurane in beagle dogs X.-L. Yang, W.-S. Zhang, J. Liu, Z.-B. Yang, X.-H. Jiang British Journal of Anaesthesia Volume 110, Issue 1, Pages 128-136 (January 2013) DOI: 10.1093/bja/aes311 Copyright © 2013 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 The isoflurane concentration logarithm–time curves. (a) The high-dose bolus subgroup as an example, and (b) the infusion group. At each corresponding time point, four different marks present data from four different dogs in each group. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013 110, 128-136DOI: (10.1093/bja/aes311) Copyright © 2013 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 The scatter plot of measured vs predicted isoflurane concentrations (mg litre−1) for all 12 cases' raw data in the bolus group (a) and all four cases' raw data in the infusion group (b). The solid line represents the line of unity. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013 110, 128-136DOI: (10.1093/bja/aes311) Copyright © 2013 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 Weighted residuals of isoflurane concentrations vs time plot. (a and b) The bolus group (all data for 12 cases) and the infusion group (all data for four cases), respectively. The weighted residual was calculated as (measured–predicted)/predicted concentration. The MDPE and the MDAPE are −2.79% and 6.79% in the bolus group and 2.19% and 4.90% in the infusion group, respectively. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013 110, 128-136DOI: (10.1093/bja/aes311) Copyright © 2013 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 The change of isoflurane blood/gas partition coefficient. The isoflurane λb/g increases but slightly after bolus i.v. injections (example from high-dose subgroup). However, in the infusion group, isoflurane λb/g increases progressively for the whole infusion period (slope=0.018) and it decreases right after the discontinuation of infusion with a slower speed (slope=−0.010). British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013 110, 128-136DOI: (10.1093/bja/aes311) Copyright © 2013 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 5 The correlation of isoflurane blood/gas partition coefficient vs the infused volume of lipid emulsion. For the combined data of all cases in the continuous infusion group, a positive linear correlation existed between the infused volume of lipid emulsion and isoflurane blood/gas partition coefficient (R2=0.904). British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013 110, 128-136DOI: (10.1093/bja/aes311) Copyright © 2013 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 6 The isoflurane partial pressures in end-expired gas (PE) vs in arterial blood (Pa)–time curves. After bolus injection or stopping infusion, both PE and Pa (mean values) are significantly decreased, but PE is slightly lower than Pa at corresponding time points both in the bolus group (a) and in the infusion group (b). British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013 110, 128-136DOI: (10.1093/bja/aes311) Copyright © 2013 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions

Fig 7 The correlation between the difference (PE−Pa) with (PE+Pa)/2. PE presents isoflurane partial pressure in the end-expired gas and Pa presents isoflurane partial pressure in the arterial blood. The mean difference line (the middle solid line) is accompanied by two other lines (the top solid line and the bottom solid line) indicating the ±2 sd of the difference (PE−Pa), and the dash line presents the ideal mean value line (which is 0). The area between these (±2 sd) lines contains 95% of the data. As the results showed that almost all data points (PE−Pa) were below zero. A small bias existed in both (a) (bolus group) and (b) (infusion group) and the bias increased with the increase in Pa after the infusion of emulsified isoflurane in the infusion group. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2013 110, 128-136DOI: (10.1093/bja/aes311) Copyright © 2013 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions