Treating Obesity as a Disease: What Are the Underlying Causes?

Introduction/Overview

The Global Obesity Epidemic

The Role of the Obesogenic Environment in the Obesity Epidemic

Role of Genetics, the Environment, and Individual Characteristics in the Development of Obesity

The Ready Availability of Foods That Promote Obesity

Obesity and Cardiometabolic, Mechanical, and Psychological Comorbidities

Life Expectancy Decreases as BMI Increases

Why Obesity Is a Disease

Phenotyping the "Metabolically Healthy Obese": Key Clinical Parameters

Adiposity Is an Important Risk Factor for T2DM

Mechanisms of Obesity Leading to CVD: Lipid Overflow

Obesity Is a Major Risk Factor for NAFLD

Multiple Hormonal Signals Interpreted by the Central Nervous System Influence Appetite

Weight and Energy Balance: Current Perspective

Key Targets for Energy Metabolism Homeostasis: Appetite-Regulating Hormones

Linkages Between Obesity and Cancer

Weight Loss Is a Challenge Because, Physiologically, It Is Perceived as a Dysfunction

Gut Hormone Changes Persistently Oppose Diet-Induced Weight Loss

Chronic Care Management of Weight-Loss Patients: The Multidisciplinary Team

Weight Loss as "Famine"

"The Biggest Loser" and the Persistence of Metabolic Adaptation

Development of Healthier, Reward-Based Eating Habits

The Importance of Managing Patient Expectations

Available Weight Loss Agents

Orlistat-Induced Weight Loss and Maintenance at 1 Year

Smarter Medicine

Bariatric Surgery Is Associated With Sustained Weight Loss Over 15 Years

Anemia and Nutritional Deficiencies Associated With Bariatric Surgery

Mechanisms of Bariatric Surgery

Treating Obesity as a Chronic Condition

SCALE Maintenance: Proportion of Patients Maintaining Run-In Weight Loss or Regaining ≥ 5% From Randomization to Week 56

Summary and Conclusions

Abbreviations

Abbreviations (cont)