Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Carbon Compounds All life organisms are made up of Carbon Organic Molecules Organisms consist mostly of which atoms? Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Chemistry of Carbon Carbon has how many bonds? How many valence electrons does carbon have? Carbon can bond to max. 4 other molecules Carbon can form a single, double, or triple bond

Other important carbon based groups: Hydroxyl Group: OH Carboxyl Group: COOH Amino Group: NH2 or NH3 Phosphate Group: PO3 or PO4

Important construction terms Monomer : a molecule that is building block for something larger Dimer : two monomer stuck together Polymer : more than two monomers stuck together Dehydration Synthesis : Pulling water out of two molecules so as to bind them together Hydrolysis : Adding water to a molecule to break it apart Amylase does this in our mouth

Carbohydrates Contain – Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio Example: Glucose (C6H12O6) The monomers that make them up are called monosaccharides

What are Carbs used for? Uses – Energy, Structure, Signals

Starch VS. Cellulose We can break down starches, but our body cannot break down cellulose.

Lipids Lipids contain All lipids are insoluble in water Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen EX – Fats, Phospholipids, waxes, sterols “Steroids” All lipids are insoluble in water Ex. Oil

Lipids They are used in living things for energy storage, structural molecules, and signaling molecules Basic Structures Tail and Head

Triglycerides

Saturated vs. Unsaturated

Phospholipids Found in the cell membrane

Cell Membrane

Nucleic Acids All instructions for cellular activity are in the Nucleic Acids Two kinds of Nucleic Acids DNA Holding genetic information Where is it found? In nucleus on chromosomes RNA Holding info for building proteins Where are they found? Everywhere in a cell

What makes them up? Complex monomers – Nucleotides Bonds between them are called phosphodiester bond Formed by a phosphate

Proteins Proteins are made up of: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, & Nitrogen Ex. – Eggs, seeds, hair, and meat Basic Monomers – Amino Acids (aa) These are used by living organisms for: Enzymes, structures, transport, and signaling

Amino Acids (aa) Each aa is going to contain four distinct groups Carboxyl Group – COOH Amino Group – NH3 R Group (20 different R groups) A Hydrogen atom – H If there are twenty different R groups how many different aa are there? 20!!!!

Protein Structure Through a series of dehydration reactions, aa are joined into a chain to form a protein. A special bond is formed Peptide Bond Polypeptide – polymer of aa

Protein Structure When you have two aa together Three or more aa Dipeptide Three or more aa Polypeptide

3D structure of proteins Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

Proteins DENATURATION Is the breaking down of molecules

Enzymes A chemical that speeds up a reaction is called a Catalyst Proteins that do this process are called Enzymes Ex. – Sucrase, Amylase, Lactase