Classification of Living Things

WHY CLASSIFY? Identifies and names species ________________________________ Groups organisms in a logical manner

______________ is the total of _______________ in an ecosystem. REMEMBER ______________ is the total of _______________ in an ecosystem. A ___________ is a population of organisms that ____________ ____________ and ________ with each other. BIODIVERSITY all the living things SPECIES share similar characteristics can breed

_______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms TAXONOMY

What is the point in naming and organizing organisms into groups with biological significance? ______________ ____________ BIRD . . . ? It helps make sense of relationships! An animal with feathers Image from: http://www.flagsplus.com/flags/21778_bird_collage.jpg

other organisms that are similar A good classification system: places organisms in a group ___ _________________________ with other organisms that are similar Uses names that are UNIQUE Can CHANGE as new data is discovered Shows RELATIONSHIPS of organisms

The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher __________ more than 2000 years ago. (300 B.C.) ARISTOTLE

Aristotle’s system PLANTS: ANIMALS: _________ _________ _________ By: Riedell PLANTS: _________ _________ ANIMALS: _________ Based on kind of stem Based on where they lived

Problem: common names can vary Example: ______________ ______________ . . . are all names for the same animal mountain lion puma catamount cougar By using a _____________________________, scientists can be sure they are discussing the same organism universally accepted scientific name

Common names vary ________ (English) Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (______) Tamia (______) Ardilla listada (______) Chipmunk German Italian Spanish

Common names can be misleading Ex: A ________ isn’t a fish, but a _________ is! jellyFISH seaHORSE Sea cucumber sounds like a _____ but… it’s an ______! plant animal

Common names can be misleading In the United Kingdom, ________ refers to a ____ BUZZARD hawk In the United States, ________ refers to a ______. BUZZARD vulture

By mid 19th century, scientists recognized that using common names was confusing. Scientists agreed to use ____________ to give a single name to each species. Latin and Greek

Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis EXAMPLE: RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis “oak with deeply divided leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair-like bristles” PROBLEMS: Names too hard and long to remember! Different scientists described different characteristics.

________________ comes to the rescue! Carl Linnaeus Swedish botanist who devised a new classification system This system is still used today! (1707-1778)

Linnaeus’s System TAXONS Organisms are grouped in a hierarchy of 8 different taxonomic levels OR _________ TAXONS

Kingdom(King) Phylum(Philip) Class(Come) Order(Over) Family(For) Domain (Did) Kingdom(King) Phylum(Philip) Class(Come) Order(Over) Family(For) Genus(Good) Species(Soup)

Binomial Nomenclature The process of assigning each organism a two-part scientific name

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2-name naming system) 1st name = _______________ Always CAPITALIZED Genus species 2nd name = _________________ Always lower case UNDERLINED Both names are ______________ or typed in ____________. ITALICS

GENUS = group of closely related species (Includes many kinds of bears) SPECIES = ______________________ GENUS = _____ Ursus Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus Ursus americanis unique to each kind of bear

Binomial nomenclature Humans Homo sapiens Homo sapiens

Levels of Taxonomy (based on morphology) Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens

Task: To complete the “Classification of Living Things” chart *Text Pg. 618 Eubacteria Archeabacteria

Crash Course Biology Part 2 Use this video clip to add to your chart!

*organizing living things in a way that makes sense *Classification *organizing living things in a way that makes sense *Bacteria *Archaea *Eukarya *Pro *Pro *Euk *unicellular *unicellular *mostly multi *Auto or Hetero *Auto or Hetero *Auto or Hetero *cell walls w/o pepti & live in extreme enviros *cell walls w/pepti & live in all enviros except extreme *4 kingdoms *organisms are grouped according to their characteristics and phylogeny (evolutionary history)

*Classification *grouping organisms in logical manner. Domain is the broadest category/taxa *Bacteria *Archaea *Eukarya *Prokaryotes *Prokaryotes *eukaryotes *unicellular *unicellular *uni or multi *auto or hetero *auto or hetero *auto or hetero *cell walls w/o pepti; can live in harsh enviros *made up of 4 kingdoms *cell walls with pepti *Organisms are grouped by physical characteristics and evolutionary history

MODERN EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION

Modern Classification Linnaeus classified organisms according to their morphology (how they looked). Today, we still use morphology, but we also have DNA evidence as well as…

Phylogeny The study of an organism’s evolutionary history

*We study Phylogeny by using Cladistics. A method of hypothesizing relationships among organisms Examples: Phylogenetic Trees Cladograms *We study Phylogeny by using Cladistics.

*Node = common ancestor

Video Clip: Cladograms YouTube: Bozeman Science Cladograms

Constructing a Cladogram How can methods of transportation be organized using a cladogram?

Draw on your white board! (don’t write the word “label”)

Directions: Complete the cladogram by filling in each method of transportation: Bike Car Motorcycle Airplane Foot