Analysis Teeth or baleen plates, dorsal fins, pectoral fins, the nose and mouth position. Biologists cannot remember all of the characteristics used to identify a wide number of organisms; the key provides a reference. (c) The key will help a biologist identify which whales are in an area; it may also help the scientist to determine migration routes or to study feeding. (d) colour patterns on the dorsal or tail fin or body; the number of teeth or baleen plates; size; areas they live.

Biodiversity the number of different species of all living organisms in a given area.

Viruses

The Six Kingdoms number of Cells energy cell type examples Eubacteria unicellular autotrophic and heterotrophic prokaryote bacteria, E. coli Archaebacteria some autotrophic, most chemotrophic "extremophiles" Protista most unicellular heterotrophic or autotrophic eukaryote ameba, paramecium, algae Fungi most multicellular heterotrophic mushrooms, yeast Plantae multicellular autotrophic trees, grass Animalia humans, insects, worms

Viruses Outside a living cell just a chemical Inside a living cell can reproduce… living? p.g. 324 lists what living things are. Viruses are very small, 1/100 the size of an average bacteria cell. Living things reproduce, eat, has cells, reproduce, respire, etc.

Parts of Viruses Capsid (Protein coat) – 95% of the virus and gives it it’s shape. Surrounds the core/gentic material. Genetic material – Nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA)

Bacteriophages Category of viruses that infect and destroy bacteria cells

Host range The limited number of host species, tissues, or cells that a virus can infect For bacteria viruses very narrow, but for some plant or animal virus very broad.

Viral Replication 4 steps (lytic cycle): 1.) Attachment – Recognizes host, attaches and enters 2.) Synthesis – makes new virus parts (DNA, RNA etc.) 3.) Assembly – the parts are all put together. 4.) Release – new virus leaves the host cell. Host cell dies.

Viral replication video

Lysogenic cycle Virus co-exists with host cell for sometime Lysogeny – The dormant state of a virus. Cancer

Diseases caused by viruses are much more difficult to treat than those caused by living things (bacteria) Vaccines can be used Vaccines – Solutions prepared from viral components or inactivated viruses.

Answer the questions on p.g. 338 1-6, 8. Question 1- maybe more than one reason? Question 2 think about it! Question 4 – figure 1 Question 8 – what do you think?

1. Most scientists do not consider viruses to be living organisms 1. Most scientists do not consider viruses to be living organisms. A phylogenetictree displays the evolutionary history and relationships between livingorganisms. Additionally, the phylogeny of viruses (how they evolved) is notknown, only speculated on. 2. Bacteriophages might destroy harmful bacteria. 3. Viruses are not composed of cells, they do not carry out respiration, they do not require food, they do not reproduce outside of their hosts. 4. Viruses are ~ 20-400 nm in diameter, red blood cells are ~ 7500 nm in diameter. (RBCs are between 20 – 400 X larger than viruses) 5. See Table 1, page 337 6. A retrovirus is an RNA virus that infects an animal cell, copies its code into the DNA of the cell and then gets the host cell to produce viral proteins. In the lysogenic cycle, the virus does not kill the host cell outright. It may coexist with the cell and be carried through many generations without apparent harm to the host. 8. Wash your hands, avoid people who are coughing.

Virus - Fact sheet