Gases: Dimensionless particles in constant straight line motion colliding with their container walls 100 % elastically to create pressure

Liquids: Condensed state in which the particles are clustered (100-1000 particles). Order is found within the clusters but not from cluster to cluster. Attractive forces significant to make clusters but not significant enough to keep clusters from moving past each other.

Solids: with attractive forces between the particles Structural units strong enough to make a rigid structure. (i.e. particles held in fixed positions by chemical bonds)

Solids: Structural units with attractive forces between the particles strong enough to make a rigid structure. With An Order Without An Order (crystalline) (amorphous)

Scanning Tunneling Micrograph of the surface of Platinum

Solids: Structural units with attractive forces between the particles strong enough to make a rigid structure. With An Order Without An Order (crystalline) (amorphous) Simplest Repeating Pattern in 3-D Unit Cell… Eight points of a crystal lattice. (many types) A parallelopiped… A box A polyhedron with six faces, all of which are parallelograms

Octahedral Coordination 1 Particle per Unit Cell Simple Cubic Polonium

Coordination # = 8 2 Particles per Unit Cell Body-Centered Cubic Sodium

Coordination # = 12 4 Particles per Unit Cell Face-Centered Cubic Copper

4 ions of each type per unit cell NaCl (halite) Coordination # of 6 for each ion

4 ions of each type per unit cell ZnS (zincblende) Coordination # of 4 for each ion

Coordination # of 4 for each ion …different crystalline arrangements for the same chemical formula… ALLOTROPES ZnS (wurtzite) Coordination # of 4 for each ion

8 atoms per unit cell Diamond Coordination # of 4 for each atom

Scanning Tunneling Micrograph of the surface of graphite.

unhybridized p orbitals (on each carbon atom) p molecular orbitals (a network of them)