HUMAN IMPACT on the BIOSPHERE Part 1 A Changing Landscape

____________ & _______________cycles Humans participate in ____________ & _______________cycles Ecosystems provide us with a variety of _____________________ Food webs Biogeochemical http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/nitrogencycle.jpg “GOODS & SERVICES” http://www.brevardcounty.us/mrrp/images/misc/boat_cartoon.jpg http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/nitrogencycle.jpg

“GOODS & SERVICES” provided by ecosystems For image sources: see last slide “GOODS & SERVICES” provided by ecosystems Solar energy __________________ ___________ production Nutrient ____________________ Oxygen storage & recycling

“GOODS & SERVICES” provided by ecosystems For image sources: see last slide “GOODS & SERVICES” provided by ecosystems Climate ____________regulation __________ production ___________for wildlife Food Habitats

“GOODS & SERVICES” provided by ecosystems Images from: “GOODS & SERVICES” provided by ecosystems detoxification ____________________of human and industrial waste ___________________ and ______________________ Natural pest disease control

“GOODS & SERVICES” provided by ecosystems medicines Source of new ____________________ Air & water __________________ Soil _____________ and ___________ management purification erosion runoff

HUMAN ACTIVITIES can change local and global environments! HUNTING ____________________ _____________________ ___________________________ AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY URBAN DEVELOPMENT Images from: http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/s2s/latest/art1/src/proj/Art/cave_art/Hunters-Deer.jpg http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/127525/2/istockphoto_127525_farming.jpg http://www.kidcrosswords.com/kidoutdoors/the%20environment/pollution_smokestacks.jpg http://www.lubee.org/images/about-threats-1.jpg

HUNTING AND GATHERING Throughout human history, people have in rivers, and _____________ wild seeds, fruits, and nuts. We are still doing this today in many places. hunted fished gathered http://www.amonsoquath.net/gallery/pages/chee.html http://www.travelwriter.co.za/let-the-train-strain_p2.html

WHEN IT BECOMES A PROBLEM? _________________ ________________ OVERHUNTING POACHING http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8302763 http://www.aeffonline.org/images/poachersandelephant.jpg

OVERHUNTING can put animal populations at risk of ____________ extinction Miss Waldron’s Red Colobus monkey Extinct 2000 Alagoas Curassow: extinct in wild 1980’s Dodo: extinct 1681 Moa: extinct 1500’s http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/misswaldronredcolobus.htm http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=100&m=0 http://lawyerkm.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/dodo_11.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa

VOCAB Species that has died out = ______________ extinct http://www.southeastutah.org/photos/dino.jpg Species that has died out = ______________ Species whose population size is rapidly declining and will become extinct if the trend continues = _____________ Species that is at risk of becoming endangered in the near future = ____________ extinct endangered http://www.blackfootedferret.org/ threatened http://www.fresnochaffeezoo.com/images/bald-eagle.gif

BIODIVERSITY THREAT Tropical rainforests are disappearing http://www.lubee.org/images/about-threats-1.jpg Tropical rainforests are disappearing at a rate of about 80 acres per minute.

EXAMPLE: WHALES During the 19th and the earlier part of 20th centuries, over-hunting led to a severe _________of whale populations, and to _______________ of many whale species. overkill endangerment Minke whale = most hunted species http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456973/html/nn1page1.stm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaling#Conservation_status

EXAMPLE: North American Buffalo Wild buffalo ______________ in America once numbered 30 - 60 million, ranging from Virginia to Alaska and all points in between. By 1884, the buffalo was close to extinction due to ______________. Pile of bison skulls, 1870’s overhunting http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bison

WHAT PROBLEMS CAN THIS CAUSE? Many endangered animals today are threatened by ____________________ Illegal poaching http://www.aeffonline.org/images/poachersandelephant.jpg http://cnnstudentnews.cnn.com/EARTH/9710/02/kenya.ivory.ap/

OVERHUNTING/POACHING endangered. All five rhino species are ____________ Just a few decades ago, the world’s rhino population exceeded 100,000, but today there are less than 11,000 due to _____________ and _________________. _______________ are in demand in many countries where they can bring over $60,000/lb. It is ground into medicine in China and carved into ceremonial dagger handles in Yemen. habitat loss poaching Rhino horns http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/2003/6/Sidebar_Forensics.cfm

WHAT CAN WE DO TO HELP? Support “Green” organizations that work for laws to establish quotas and protect species. http://www.nwf.org/ http://www.maksimum.com/haberler/h/greenpeacee_cevre_cezasi.php http://www.sierraclub.org/ http://www.brookingshumane.org/ http://www.sierraclub.org/ http://www.ducks.org/states/62/index.html

HUMAN ACTIVITIES can also change local and global environments! HUNTING and GATHERING ______________________________ ____________________ _________________ ___________________________ AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY URBAN DEVELOPMENT Images from: http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/s2s/latest/art1/src/proj/Art/cave_art/Hunters-Deer.jpg http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/127525/2/istockphoto_127525_farming.jpg http://www.kidcrosswords.com/kidoutdoors/the%20environment/pollution_smokestacks.jpg http://www.lubee.org/images/about-threats-1.jpg

By end of last ice age (about 11,000 years ago) humans began the practice of farming = __________________ Soon people around the world were growing crops and raising animals for food AGRICULTURE agriculture http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/im/agriculture.jpg

Changing Agriculture The spread of agriculture was one of most __________ developments in human history. It provided__________ in large quantities that could be stored for later. Allowed people to _________ in one place and enabled the _______________of cities, governments, laws, and writing. important food settle development http://www.travelwriter.co.za/let-the-train-strain_p2.html http://www.museevirtuel.ca/Exhibitions/Inuit_Haida/inuit/snowmobile.jpg

__________ REVOLUTION GREEN __________ REVOLUTION New more productive plant ________ 2. Modern farming____________ allowed planting larger areas 3. Chemical ___________ & ___________ boosted crop production and controlled pests strains techniques Fertilizers pesticides http://interactive.usask.ca/ski/media/stills/agriculture/crops/t_plant-breeder.jpg http://www.wfbf.com/media_center/photo_gallery/Soybean%20combine.jpg

MONOCULTURE Large fields are planted with a single variety year after year = ________________ MONOCULTURE http://imagesource.allposters.com/images/NGSPOD04/107870.jpg

Changing Agriculture Over the last 50 years, the green revolution has helped world food production _________. Even though hunger is still a major problem in parts of the world, agriculture and the green revolution have provided many people with better nutrition. double http://www.enjoy.org/hstech/HungerSite02/america/FordSchwartz/

Challenges for Future Modern agriculture has increased world _________________, but has also created ________________ challenges. Large scale monoculture leads to problems with ____________ and _______________. Use of farm chemicals (fertilizers & pesticides) can damage ____________ insects, ________________ water supplies, and ______________ in the environment food supplies ecological Insect pests diseases beneficial contaminate accumulate

Challenges for Future Finding enough __________ for irrigation is another problem. Less than ¼ of US farmland relies heavily on ___________, but this area produces a __________ portion of our harvest. water irrigation major http://www.suu.edu/faculty/bowman/Econ1740/HeilbronerZinn/ogallala_aquifer_map_pic_2.gif

HOW DO WE HELP? technology Applying modern______________ to farming is changing some of this environmental impact. EX: __________ imaging and _____ technology enable farmers to apply chemicals only where______________ Satellite GPS needed

HOW DO WE FIX IT? EX: ________ and other “green” farming methods can reduce ____________ and protect ___________________ “No-till” soil erosion ecosystems http://cbarc.aes.oregonstate.edu/images/no-till.jpg

Sustainable Agriculture Ways to preserve the environment Section 6-4 Cover Crops Legumes, grasses, and other cover crops recycle soil nutrients, reduce fertilizer need, and prevent weed growth. Controlled Grazing By managing graze periods and herd densities, farmers can improve nutrient cycling, increase the effectiveness of precipitation, and increase the carrying capacity of pastures. Biological Pest Control The use of predators and parasites to control destructive insects minimizes pesticide use as well as crop damage A B C Yr. 1 Crop Rotation Different crops use and replenish different nutrients. By rotating crops, the loss of important plant nutrients is decreased. Contour Plowing Contour plowing reduces soil erosion from land runoff. On hilly areas, plowing is done across the hill rather than straight up and down. corn oats alfalfa Yr. 2 alfalfa (plowed in) corn alfalfa Yr. 3 oats alfalfa corn

INDUSTRIAL GROWTH and URBAN DEVELOPMENT The impact of humans on the biosphere was transformed by the _____________________ during the 1800’s. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION http://www.archives.gov/research/american-cities/images/american-cities-015.jpg

Industrial productivity and scientific advancements have provided us with the ______________________ we enjoy today modern conveniences http://www.vallartasource.com/images/cell_phone.jpg http://www.danielwiener.com/daniel/tips/archives/humvee_2.jpg http://www.scriptfx.com/gallery/computer/laptop.jpg http://www.wii-volution.com/images/wii/gamecube.jpg http://www.nbz.ru/pic/catalog/ipod/ipod_color.gif

BUT . . . The spread of urban areas has resulted in the _____________ habitats. Air, water, & soil _____________ has had an impact on surrounding ecosystems. destruction pollution http://www.kidcrosswords.com/kidoutdoors/the%20environment/pollution_smokestacks.jpg

Energy production requires ______________________ which impacts and _______________. burning fossil fuels air quality global climate http://tuberose.com/Environmental_Toxicity.html