Volume 3, Issue 6, Pages 991-1007 (December 2017) Chemiluminescence-Guided Cancer Therapy Using a Chemiexcited Photosensitizer  Duo Mao, Wenbo Wu, Shenglu Ji, Chao Chen, Fang Hu, Deling Kong, Dan Ding, Bin Liu  Chem  Volume 3, Issue 6, Pages 991-1007 (December 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.10.002 Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Chem 2017 3, 991-1007DOI: (10.1016/j.chempr.2017.10.002) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Design of C-TBD NPs for H2O2 Detection and 1O2 Production (A) The preparation of C-TBD NPs. (B) Illustration of the principle for chemiluminescence and 1O2 generation of C-TBD NPs in the presence of H2O2. (C) The energy levels of TBD and the active 1, 2-dioxetanedione intermediate. (D) Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) and diameter distribution measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) of C-TBD NPs. Scale bar, 200 nm. (E) UV-vis spectrum of C-TBD NPs. (F) Chemiluminescence (CL) and fluorescence (FL) spectra of C-TBD NPs. The inset shows photographs of the CL and FL of C-TBD NPs. (G) Specificity test of the chemiluminescence signal of C-TBD NPs in the presence of different kinds of reactive oxygen species. Data are presented as the means ± SEM (H) The measurement of 1O2 production of C-TBD NPs by ADBA (black), followed by addition of different concentrations of H2O2. TBD NPs (red), ABDA (blue), and C-Ce6 NPs (gray) solutions were used as the control, where A0 and A are the absorbance of ABDA at 378 nm before and after H2O2 addition. Chem 2017 3, 991-1007DOI: (10.1016/j.chempr.2017.10.002) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Precise and Specific Abdominal Tumor Imaging (A) Schematic illustration of activated C-TBD NPs to image tumor within the H2O2-enriched tumor microenvironment. EPR, enhanced permeability and retention. (B) Time-dependent in vivo chemiluminescence (top) and fluorescence (bottom) images of mice receiving C-TBD NPs (1 mg/mL based on C-TBD, 100 μL per mouse) over 5 hr periods. Tumor regions are marked with yellow circles. (C) In vivo abdominal metastatic breast tumor imaging of a mouse at 1.5 hr post intravenous injection with C-TBD NPs (1 mg/mL, 100 μL per mouse) by fluorescence (left) and chemiluminescence (right) imaging. The tumor region is marked with a yellow circle. (D) In vivo abdominal metastatic breast tumor imaging of a mouse with skin and peritoneum removed after intravenous injection with C-TBD NPs (1 mg/mL based on TBD, 100 μL per mouse) by fluorescence (top) and chemiluminescence (bottom) imaging. (E) Fluorescence imaging of a slice of abdominal metastatic breast tumor in a mouse. The red fluorescence indicates the C-TBD NPs, and the cell nuclei were stained by DAPI (blue). (F) H&E staining of a slice of abdominal metastatic breast tumor. Chem 2017 3, 991-1007DOI: (10.1016/j.chempr.2017.10.002) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Chemiluminescent Signal of Tumor Enhanced by FEITC (A) Time-dependent in vivo chemiluminescence (upper row) and fluorescence (lower row) images of mice successively receiving FEITC (5 μmol per mouse) and C-TBD NPs (1 mg/mL based on TBD, 100 μL per mouse) over a 5 hr period. Yellow circles indicate tumor regions. (B and C) Chemiluminescent signal intensities of the tumor in mouse (B) upon treatment with or without FEITC and (C) the average fluorescence intensities from the same region of mouse over time (n = 5 per group). *p < 0.05, C-TBD/FEITC group versus C-TBD group. Data are presented as the means ± SEM. (D) Chemiluminescence image (top) of different organs and organ fluorescence image (bottom) distribution of mice treated with FEITC after 1.5 hr post intravenous injection with C-TBD NPs. (E) Chemiluminescent signals in various tissues from intravenous injection of C-TBD NPs treated with or without FEITC (n = 5 per group). **p < 0.01, tumor from the C-TBD/FEITC group versus other normal tissues from the C-TBD group. Data are presented as the means ± SEM. (F) Respective images of tumor tissue slices stained with CD31 from tumor-bearing mouse injected intravenously with C-DBT NPs and DBT NPs. Scale bar, 100 μm (applies to both images). (G) Chemiluminescent signals of different lysates (100 μL per well) extracted from various tissues (50 mg) of mice treated without (top) or with (bottom) FEITC after adding C-TBD NPs (0.2 mg/mL based on TBD, 50 μL per well). Chem 2017 3, 991-1007DOI: (10.1016/j.chempr.2017.10.002) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Tumor Therapeutic Effect for C-TBD NPs in the Presence and Absence of FEITC (A) Schematic illustration of a hypothetical mechanism of C-TBD NPs and FEITC combination therapy. (B) Tumor growth curves with different therapies. ***p < 0.001 or **p < 0.01 other groups versus the C-TBD/FEITC group. Data are presented as means ± SEM. (C) Histological analysis of tumor slices stained with H&E of mice at day 15 in different groups. Scale bar, 100 μm (applies to all images). (D and E) TUNEL (D) and PCNA (E) immunofluorescence staining of tumor at day 15 in different groups. The green fluorescence indicates the TUNEL or PCNA signal, and the cell nuclei were stained by DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 50 μm (applies to all images). Chem 2017 3, 991-1007DOI: (10.1016/j.chempr.2017.10.002) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Analysis of the Synergistic Effect of Tumor Therapy for C-TBD NPs and FEITC (A) MTT assay of tumor cells incubated with TBD NPs, C-TBD NPs, FETIC and C-TBD NPs/FEITC. *p < 0.05, other groups versus C-TBD NPs/FEITC group. Data are presented as means ± SEM. (B) Western blot analysis of the cytosolic level of caspase-3, bax, and cytochrome c (Cyto C) of tumor cells with different treatments as shown, using β-actin as a loading control. + or − means tumor cells cultured in the presence or absence of corresponding treatment methods. (C) Lipid peroxidation staining for tumor cells with different treatments. (D) Fluorescence CD31 staining for tumor tissues after different treatments for 5 days. Scale bar, 50 μm (applies to all images). Chem 2017 3, 991-1007DOI: (10.1016/j.chempr.2017.10.002) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions