Do you think two leaf cells with similar functions have similar structures? Is the leaf’s appearance affected by the structure and function of its cells? Explain your answer. If the leaf changed color in the fall, would that change begin at the cellular level?

Thinking question: What are ORGANELLES Thinking question: What are ORGANELLES? Thinking question: Which type of cell has ORGANELLES?

1. ORGANELLES are structures in EUKARYOTIC cells which carry out specific functions. A. Cell Structure

2. ALL cells (PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC) have a PLASMA MEMBRANE 2. ALL cells (PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC) have a PLASMA MEMBRANE. Thinking question: What does the PLASMA MEMBRANE do?

3. ALL cells have CYTOPLASM, a semifluid material within the PLASMA MEMBRANE. a. In PROKARYOTES, everything happens in the CYTOPLASM.

b. In EUKARYOTES, the ORGANELLES are held in place by the CYTOSKELETON – long, thin protein fibers.

1. The NUCLEUS holds DNA and oversees protein production 1. The NUCLEUS holds DNA and oversees protein production. Its double membrane is called a NUCLEAR ENVELOPE. B. Organelles

2. RIBOSOMES are ORGANELLES that make proteins. a 2. RIBOSOMES are ORGANELLES that make proteins. a. RIBOSOMES are made in the NUCLEOLUS, a small structure within the NUCLEUS.

3. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) is a long, folded structure where macromolecules are made.

a. ROUGH ER is covered in RIBOSOMES and makes proteins.

a. SMOOTH ER has no RIBOSOMES, and makes lipids (fats) and carbohydrates.

4. GOLGI APPARATUS is a flat stack of membranes that sorts and packages proteins to send out of the cell.

5. VACUOLES are membrane bound bags that store food and waste. a 5. VACUOLES are membrane bound bags that store food and waste. a. VACUOLES are usually only found in plant cells.

6. LYSOSOMES digest old organelles, food particles, and invading viruses or bacteria.

7. CENTRIOLES are small structures in animal cells that aid in cell division.

8. MITOCHONDRIA convert glucose into usable energy for the cell. a 8. MITOCHONDRIA convert glucose into usable energy for the cell. a. It has two membranes.

9. CHLOROPLASTS use light and carbon dioxide to make energy through PHOTOSYNTHESIS in plants only. a. CHLOROPHYLL is a green pigment inside CHLOROPLASTS.

10. CELL WALL is a rigid structure surrounding the outside of the PLANT CELL plasma membrane.

a. CELL WALL is made of a carbohydrate called CELLULOSE.

11. CILIA and FLAGELLA are structures used for movement by unicellular organisms. a. CILIA are many short hair-like structures.

b. FLAGELLA are one or two long structures that whip for movement.

1. Plant cells have extra organelles which animal cells lack 1. Plant cells have extra organelles which animal cells lack. Thinking question: Why? C. Comparing Cells

a. These include CHLOROPLASTS, CELL WALLS and VACUOLES.

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a. These include CHLOROPLASTS, CELL WALLS and VACUOLES.