Special Update For DSM-5 Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury Psychology Sixth Edition Special Update For DSM-5 Chapter 6 Memory Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 6.1 Overview of the Stage Model of Memory Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

In George Sperling’s (1960) classic experiment, (1) subjects stared at a screen on which rows of letters were projected for just one-twentieth of a second, then the screen went blank. (2) After intervals varying up to one second, a tone was sounded that indicated the row of letters the subject should report. (3) If the tone was sounded within about one-third of a second, subjects were able to report the letters in the indicated row because the image of all the letters was still in sensory memory. Figure 6.2 Sperling’s Experiment Demonstrating the Duration of Sensory Memory Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Suppose you are trying to figure out the fastest way to get to a friend’s house. In Baddeley’s model of working memory, you would use the phonological loop to verbally recite the directions. Maintenance rehearsal helps keep the information active in the phonological loop. You would use the visuospatial sketchpad to imagine your route and any landmarks along the way. The central executive actively processes and integrates information from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory. Figure 6.3 Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory: How Do I Get to Marty’s House? Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 6.4 The Role of Sensory and Short-Term Memory in the Stage Model of Memory Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 6.5 Types of Long-Term Memory Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 6.6 Clustering Demonstration Study the words on this list for one minute. Then count backward by threes from 108 to 0. When you’ve completed that task, write down as many of the words from the list as you can remember. Figure 6.6 Clustering Demonstration Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 6.7 (a) Demonstration of Retrieval Cues Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 6.7 (b) Demonstration of Retrieval Cues Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 6.8 The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve Ebbinghaus’s research demonstrated the basic pattern of forgetting: relatively rapid loss of some information, followed by stable memories of the remaining information. Figure 6.8 The Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 6.9 Test for Memory of Details of a Common Object Which of these drawings is an accurate picture of a real penny? Figure 6.9 Test for Memory of Details of a Common Object Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 6.1 Eight Suggestions for Avoiding Prospective Memory Failure Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 6.2 Estimated Speeds Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 6.3 Factors Contributing to False Memories Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 6.10 How Neurons Change as Aplysia Forms a New Memory When Aplysia is repeatedly squirted with water, and each squirt is followed by a mild shock to its tail, the snail learns to withdraw its gill flap if squirted with the water alone. Conditioning leads to structural and functional changes in the three neurons involved in the memory circuit. Figure 6.10 How Neurons Change as Aplysia Forms a New Memory Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 6.11 Brain Structures Involved in Human Memory Shown here are some of the key brain structures involved in encoding and storing memories. Figure 6.11 Brain Structures Involved in Human Memory Don H. Hockenbury and Sandra E. Hockenbury: Psychology, Sixth Edition – Special Update For DSM-5 Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers