1. To have finished the Revolution in Government bar chart FLIP LEARNING 1. To have finished the Revolution in Government bar chart The work due for today is… Full extent Large extent Moderate extent Small extent No extent Council (p.88) Finance (p.89) Monarch’s power (pp.89-90) Parliament (pp.90-91)

Revolution in government No revolution in government TASK: With a green pen, add anything you have missed COUNCIL Revolution in government No revolution in government Cromwell also came from a humble background – dad was a blacksmith. When he becomes Arch Bishop of Canterbury it is noted that he was a ‘ruffian… in his younger days’ COUNCIL During Henry’s reign, the Royal Council (a large group of leading nobles, clergy and members of the King’s household) transformed into the Privy Council. This was a much smaller group of around 20 members. The Privy Council contained mainly trained lawyers and administrators, rather than the traditional noble families.   There is a case to be made that this was in fact Wolsey’s idea, as early as 1526- and not Cromwell’s. Other historians argue that these changes did not really begin until after Cromwell’s death in 1540.

Revolution in government No revolution in government TASK: With a green pen, add anything you have missed FINANCE Revolution in government No revolution in government Cromwell created new financial institutions, including: -Court of Augmentations (controlled the land once under the control of the Church) -Court of First Fruits and Tenths (collected money previously sent to the Pope) -Court of Wards (helped Henry to maximise his money from wardship)   Cromwell largely continued with Henry VII’s approach of managing finances from the Privy Chamber. Henry VII had created a Master of the King’s Wards well before Cromwell’s creation of the Court of Wards.

Revolution in government No revolution in government TASK: With a green pen, add anything you have missed POWER OF THE MONARCH Revolution in government No revolution in government The power of the monarch increased as Henry became Head of the Church: in the introduction to the Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533), Cromwell wrote that everyone owed the King (who was chosen by God) total obedience; all power derived from the King. The Act of Union with Wales (1536) reorganised local government in Wales and the Marches, giving the monarch greater control. An Act against Liberties and Franchises restricted the special powers of regional nobles, such as the Prince Bishop of Durham.  The power of the monarch was immense even before Cromwell’s changes. These powers included significant influence over appointments to church positions and emergency taxation.  

Revolution in government No revolution in government TASK: With a green pen, add anything you have missed PARLIAMENT Revolution in government No revolution in government Parliament began to play a central role in the political system. This was because Henry needed it to agree to the various Acts confirming his Supremacy over the Church. It met for an unbroken period between 1529 and 1536. By the end of this period, it was accepted that statute law (law made by Parliament with the King’s consent) represented ultimate authority in England. The dissolution of the monasteries meant that abbots were no longer represented in the Lords. This meant clergy were in a minority in the upper house for the first time.  Parliament was still dependent on the King. It could not call or prorogue itself. When parliament was not sitting the King could still govern by Proclamation. In the 1540s the King did not call Parliament frequently The increase in the power of Parliament was only temporary: this was not a lasting change. It occurred only because Henry needed Parliament to enact his religious changes. This is evident from Elizabeth I’s reign, during which Parliament’s role was very limited. The Church, whilst not part of Christendom still had its own finance system and courts

To what extent was there a revolution in government overall? No revolution Complete revolution UNDERSTAND the Elton vs. Starkey debate EXPLAIN what happened to government and parliament under Cromwell EVALUATE whether there was a revolution in government

Assess how convincing the argument in this extract is in relation to the existence of a Tudor revolution in government in the time of Thomas Cromwell The changes in government under Cromwell were revolutionary, if that term may be applied to any changes which profoundly affect the constitution and government of a state even when no systematic and entire destruction was involved. The essential ingredient of the Tudor revolution was the concept of national sovereignty which Cromwell summarised in the Act of Appeals of 1533 by using the phrase ‘this realm of England is an empire’. Previous kings like Edward I had claimed to rule an empire but the meaning here is different. Instead of a claim based on ruling a large extent of land, the Act said that Henry was the ‘one supreme Head and King’. The royal supremacy over the Church virtually replaced the Pope in England by the King but the Reformation statutes demonstrate that the political sovereignty created in the 1530s was a parliamentary one. Cromwell’s administrative reforms – like the Privy Council – provided the machinery for the new state that he had started to construct. Adapted from Geoffrey Elton, England under the Tudors, 1974 TASK: Complete the worksheet you have been given to decide overall how convincing you find this view. UNDERSTAND the Elton vs. Starkey debate EXPLAIN what happened to government and parliament under Cromwell EVALUATE whether there was a revolution in government

Assess how convincing the argument in this extract is in relation to the existence of a Tudor revolution in government in the time of Thomas Cromwell The changes in government under Cromwell were revolutionary, if that term may be applied to any changes which profoundly affect the constitution and government of a state even when no systematic and entire destruction was involved. The essential ingredient of the Tudor revolution was the concept of national sovereignty which Cromwell summarised in the Act of Appeals of 1533 by using the phrase ‘this realm of England is an empire’. Previous kings like Edward I had claimed to rule an empire but the meaning here is different. Instead of a claim based on ruling a large extent of land, the Act said that Henry was the ‘one supreme Head and King’. The royal supremacy over the Church virtually replaced the Pope in England by the King but the Reformation statutes demonstrate that the political sovereignty created in the 1530s was a parliamentary one. Cromwell’s administrative reforms – like the Privy Council – provided the machinery for the new state that he had started to construct. Adapted from Geoffrey Elton, England under the Tudors, 1974 UNDERSTAND the Elton vs. Starkey debate EXPLAIN what happened to government and parliament under Cromwell EVALUATE whether there was a revolution in government

In what ways and how effectively was England governed under Henry VIII? Good learning: Understand what happened to Cromwell Great learning: Explain the growth in factionalism Even better: Evaluate how dominant factions were at the end of Henry’s reign Key Words: factionalism How effectively did the Tudors restore and develop the powers of the monarchy? In what ways and how effectively was England governed during this period?

The downfall of Cromwell Whilst Cromwell saw success in terms of meeting Henry’s wish to divorce Catherine of Aragon (and breaking with Rome), he ultimately fell from power in 1540. It is important to remember that we are only looking at the government key question. Cromwell does a lot more than what we have looked at so far! How did the fall of Cromwell come about? How did Cromwell’s enemies help to secure his fate? Why was Cromwell put to death? Overall, what sort of person was Cromwell? https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x123qx8#ifrndnlocgoogle (43.59) AND Henry VIII textbook pp.105-8 UNDERSTAND what happened to Cromwell EXPLAIN the growth in factionalism EVALUATE how dominant factions were at the end of Henry’s reign

How far did the fall of Cromwell reflect the wishes of Henry VIII? Others Henry VIII UNDERSTAND what happened to Cromwell EXPLAIN the growth in factionalism EVALUATE how dominant factions were at the end of Henry’s reign

What is factionalism? Use a green pen to improve your definitions Write down your understanding of: A faction Factionalism A group of people who work together to achieve something (normally competing with others) A existence of 2+ factions Use a green pen to improve your definitions UNDERSTAND what happened to Cromwell EXPLAIN the growth in factionalism EVALUATE how dominant factions were at the end of Henry’s reign Note: in the context of Tudor England, factions are generally trying gain recognition from the King (Henry VIII)

Factionalism p.105-110 I am going to firstly show you how to make ‘cornell’ notes. I will show you how to convert the information on the conservative faction into notes that are efficient, and not just the textbook written out You will then make Cornell notes on the reform faction, using the same approach I have taught you. The notes need to cover Beliefs Key members Wives of HVIII in your faction Victories Losses Conservative p.108-9 Reform: p.109-10 Conservatives are dominant from 1540-1546 Reform faction are dominant from 1546 onwards UNDERSTAND what happened to Cromwell EXPLAIN the growth in factionalism EVALUATE how dominant factions were at the end of Henry’s reign

Factionalism (1540-1549) Conservative Faction

Support the break with Rome, but opposed doctrinal changes CONSERVATIVE (1540-46) REFORM (1546-47) Beliefs Support the break with Rome, but opposed doctrinal changes Support the break with Rome, but supported doctrinal changes Key Men Duke of Norfolk Stephen Gardiner Edward Seymour (Somerset!) Archbishop Cranmer HVIII’s wives Catherine Howard Catherine Parr Victories Six Articles of Religion (assert Catholic doctrine) Fall of Cromwell Catherine Howard marriage Catherine Parr marriage Edward Seymour & Scotland Plot against Gardiner Sir Anthony Denny – dry stamp Losses Loss of Catherine Howard Plot against Cranmer Plot against Catherine Parr Norfolk’s arrest (+son) Conservatives are dominant from 1540-1546 Reform faction are dominant from 1546 onwards UNDERSTAND what happened to Cromwell EXPLAIN the growth in factionalism EVALUATE how dominant factions were at the end of Henry’s reign

Factionalism and HVIII Historians have debated what the growth of factionalism means for the power of King HVIII as a monarch… Use p.108 and your knowledge of factions to fill the table with evidence that supports the two proposed arguments Reflects a decrease in the power of the Monarchy Does not reflect a decrease in the power of the Monarchy UNDERSTAND what happened to Cromwell EXPLAIN the growth in factionalism EVALUATE how dominant factions were at the end of Henry’s reign

The men who changed HVIII’s underpants… You have been given an article that explains the role/influence of those in the royal court on HVIII. Time will be given for you to complete the subheadings under each questions, after which we will feedback answers. UNDERSTAND what happened to Cromwell EXPLAIN the growth in factionalism EVALUATE how dominant factions were at the end of Henry’s reign

To what extent was England’s government fundamentally transformed in the years 1509 to 1547? Using the information sheet you have been provided with I would like you to plan an answer to this question in the form of a fish bone diagram. You will need to plan out your answer both for and against and come to a conclusion on whether you think it was transformed or not. Write out in full????

The work due in for next lesson is as follows: FLIP LEARNING TASK: Complete the fish bone diagram on whether there was a transformation in government or not. On the blog, print off the summary document on Henry VIII and government (in the revision section). There are some others you might also want to print too. Continue working on your revision grids for both Tudors and America are up to date. The work due in for next lesson is as follows:

To print

Factionalism (1540-1549) Conservative Faction Reform Faction