Genetic Disorders -A genetic disorder is a disorder caused by mistakes in the genetic makeup of an organism -Two major ways that genetic disorders can happen is through changes in the DNA or when the number of chromosomes in an organism is not correct -Some genetic diseases can be dominant and some can be recessive

Genetic Disorders Recessive Disorders Albinism -a condition where organism have little to no pigment -affects all humans and animals Cystic Fibrosis -a disease that causes thick, sticky mucus that clogs the lungs -treated through medicine and monitoring

Genetic Disorders Tay-Sachs -a disease caused by the lack of production of an enzyme, hexosaminidase A (Hex A), which breaks down fatty protein deposits in the brain which impair vision, hearing, movement, and mental development -there are no treatments for this disease Phenylketonuria -a disease where the body cannot process the protein phenylalanine (phe) which is present in most foods -the best treatment is a low-protein diet

Genetic Disorders Dominant Disorders Huntington’s -a neural disease resulting in the degeneration of brain cells -there are no treatments for this disease Dwarfism -a condition involving short stature -can happen between two average height parents -caused by a change in a gene (FGFR3) responsible for average height during sperm or egg production or early in development -once this happens, the trait is dominant

Genetic Disorders Neurofibromatosis -causes tumors to grow on nerve tissue and cause problems as they press on other parts of the body (bones, skin, nervous tissue) -treatment includes tumor removal Chromosomal Disorders -caused by homologues failing to separate in anaphase I or chromatids failing to separate in anaphase II Down Syndrome -also known as trisomy 21 (an extra 21 chromosome) -affects 1 in 700 children -associated with shortened lifespan, mental retardation, and susceptibility to other genetic problems

Genetic Disorders Patau Syndrome -also known as trisomy 13 (an extra 13 chromosome) -affects 1 in 5000 children -child usually lives no longer than a few months Sex Chromosomes -either an extra X or Y chromosome -most of the time, leads to abnormalities

Genetic Solutions Directions: Knowing what you know about cells and genetics, how do you think scientists might be able to develop a cure for these disorders? Things to consider: -all cells in your body have the same genetic code -there are many possible ways to change DNA -think about the process of meiosis (pre-fertilization) or the embryo (post-fertilization) where the person is just one cell