TOPIK 3 TOPIC 3 Otak Brain EUW322- KEMAHIRAN BERFIKIR THINKING SKILL Prof. Dr. Salleh Abd. Rashid Prof. Dr. Rosnah Ismail Prof Madya. Razli Ahmad Dr. Hj. Huzili Bin Hussin Dr. Noriah Mohamed Pn. Junainor Hassan Cik Nur Salimah Binti Alias En. Ruhil Amal Razali EUW322- KEMAHIRAN BERFIKIR THINKING SKILL

What is Brain? An organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating center of sensation and intellect...

Brain Characteristics 3 = the weight of your brain in pounds 4 to 6 = the number of minutes your brain can survive without oxygen before it starts to die 8 to 10 = the number of seconds you have before losing consciousness due to blood loss 10 to 23 = the number of watts of power your brain generates when you’re awake (that’s enough to turn on a light bulb!) 20 = the percentages of oxygen and blood flow going to the brain 100,000 = the number of miles of blood vessels in your brain 1,000 to 10,000 = the number of synapses for each neuron in your brain 100 billion = the number of neurons in your brain

1.3 to 1.5 kg Brain Size A human brain is around (2.9 to 3.3 lb) Brain size tends to vary according to body size

The relationship is not proportional: the brain-to-body mass ratio varies Size doesn’t matter in the brain. There is no evidence that a larger brain is smarter than a smaller brain

Brain Structure

HOKA - HOKI Roger Sperry (1965) succesfully divide the brain (Split-brain) Devides into 2 regions of brain; Hemisfera Otak Kiri (HOKI) and Hemisfera Otak Kanan (HOKA).

Left / Right

Brain Waves

Beta 1) Beta (14-40Hz) – The Waking Consciousness And Reasoning Wave Beta brain waves are associated with normal waking consciousness and a heightened state of alertness, logic and critical reasoning. While Beta brain waves are important for effective functioning throughout the day, they also can translate into stress, anxiety and restlessness.

Alpha Alpha (7.5-14Hz) – The Deep Relaxation Wave Alpha brain waves are present in deep relaxation and usually when the eyes are closed, when you’re slipping into a lovely daydream or during light meditation. It is an optimal time to program the mind for success and it also heightens your imagination, visualization, memory, learning and concentration.

Theta Theta (4-7.5Hz) – The Light Meditation And Sleeping Wave Theta brain waves are present during deep meditation and light sleep, including the all-important Rapid Eye Movement(REM) dream state. It is the realm of your subconsciousness and only experienced momentarily as you drift off to sleep from Alpha and wake from deep sleep (from Delta).

Delta Delta (0.5-4Hz) – The Deep Sleep Wave The Delta frequency is the slowest of the frequencies and is experienced in deep, dreamless sleep and in very deep, transcendental meditation where awareness is fully detached.

MEMORY Psychologists consider memory to be the process by which we encode, store and retrieve information

Memory process

Sensory memory Sensory memory, corresponding to each of the sensory systems, is the first place where information is saved. Sensory memories are very brief, but they are precise, strongly a nearly exact replica of a stimulus.

Short term/working memory Roughly seven chunks of information can be transferred and held in short-term memory. Information in short-term memory is held from 15-25 seconds and if not transferred to long-term memory, is lost.

Information processing model

Long term memory Memories area transferred into long-term storage trough rehearsal. If memories are transferred into long-term memory, they become relatively permanent.

Long term memory

Forgetting Failure of encoding. Decay – the loss of information in memory through its non-use Interference – information in memory disrupts the recall of other information Cue-dependent forgetting – insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory

The end.. Thank you..