Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ

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به نام خدا.

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Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ

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Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ Rexford S Ahima, Jeffery S Flier Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism Volume 11, Issue 8, Pages 327-332 (October 2000) DOI: 10.1016/S1043-2760(00)00301-5

Figure 1 Hormones and other products secreted by adipose tissue. Leptin, angiotensinogen, inflammatory cytokines, complement factors (e.g. adipsin), steroids and components of the coagulation/ fibrinolytic pathways have been implicated in metabolic, neuroendocrine, immune and cardiovascular regulation. Adiponectin and Adipo Q (adipocyte complement-related protein) are structurally similar to complement C1q and very abundant in human and murine serum respectively. Abbreviations: ASP, acylation stimulating protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1; TF, tissue factor; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 2000 11, 327-332DOI: (10.1016/S1043-2760(00)00301-5)

Figure 2 Regulation of leptin and sites of leptin action. Leptin is stimulated by insulin and glucocorticoids, and decreased by androgens and β-adrenergic stimulation. Leptin is transported to neuronal targets in the hypothalamus across the BBB and regulates the expression of orexigenic peptides, for example, NPY, AgRP and MCH and anorexigenic peptides, for example, POMC (precursor of α-MSH), CART, and CRH. Other leptin targets, for example, TRH, GHRH and SS are involved in neuroendocrine regulation. Leptin has direct effects on the immune system and pancreatic β cells. Abbreviations: AgRP, agouti related peptide; BBB, blood–brain barrier; CART, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript; CNS, central nervous system; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; GHRH, growth hormone-releasing hormone; MCH, melanin-concentrating hormone; α-MSH, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; NPY, neuropeptide Y; Ob–Rb, long form leptin receptor; POMC, proopiomelanocortin; SS, somatostatin; TRH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 2000 11, 327-332DOI: (10.1016/S1043-2760(00)00301-5)