Chapter 11, Section 5 Part 1 Decisive Battles p. 407-411 The Union gained an upper hand with victories at Gettysburg & Vicksburg in 1863 and finally forced the South’s surrender in April 1865.

The Build-up to Gettysburg: Confederate Domination 1862 – Confederate victories on Peninsula and at Second Bull Run make the South appear invincible. Worst yet to come for Union Lee & “Stonewall” Jackson defeat Union Army under Burnside at Fredericksburg And again at Chancellorsville This time under “Fighting Joe” Hooker Confederate “Dream Team” Robert E. Lee “The Grey Fox” Thomas J. Jackson “Stonewall”

Battle of Fredericksburg Dec. 11-15, 1862 Confederate Generals: Robert E. Lee “Stonewall” Jackson James Longstreet J.E.B. Stuart Union Generals: Ambrose Burnside Joseph Hooker Edwin Sumner William Franklin Burnside marches 120,000 Union troops toward Richmond Lee waits with 75,000 Confederate troops Burnside stops to wait for pontoons He will not make same mistakes as McClellan…

Battle of Fredericksburg Lee digs in on Marye’s Heights Dec. 11: Pontoon bridges constructed under heavy Confederate fire Dec. 12: Union crosses Rappahannock Dec. 13: Burnside orders series of disastrous frontal assaults Casualties: Union -13,353 CSA -4,576 Dec. 15: Union retreat Jan. 1863: Burnside replaced by Hooker Dec. 13 Battle Map

Fredericksburg to Chancellorsville: Epic Union Disasters “It is well that war is so horrible, else we should grow too fond of it.” - Robert E. Lee at Fredericksburg 1862 ends with Union embarrassment Lincoln replaces Burnside with “Fighting Joe” Hooker “May God have mercy on General Lee, for I will have none.” - Hooker 1863 will begin with another epic Union fail…

Union army of 97,000 led by Hooker (plans to flank Lee’s army of 73,000) May 1: Lee moves 50,000 troops west from Fredericksburg to meet Hooker, day’s fighting not decisive, Hooker withdraws to Chancellorsville for the night May 2: Lee gambles, divides army, Jackson takes 26,000 on 14 mile march west to Federal flank, surprise attack – Union retreats Darkness stops Confederate pursuit, Jackson shot by men from North Carolina Estimated Casualties: 24,000 total (US 14,000; CSA 10,000) Rebel Victory.

The Death of “Stonewall” Shot by friendly fire (not Stonewall Brigade) after victory at Chancellorsville Mistaken for Union soldier 3 hits, botched evacuation Left arm amputated “You are better off than I am, for while you have lost your left, I have lost my right arm.” - General Lee, May 4, 1863 Died 8 days later from pneumonia 22 days before Gettysburg... Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall” Jackson Jan. 21, 1824 – May 10, 1863

Meade was given command 3 days before the battle The Tide Turns Main Idea: After suffering defeats, Union forces gained the upper hand by winning major battles at Gettysburg and Vicksburg. GETTYSBURG: July 1-3, 1863 Lee takes 75,000 troops north Wants to make Union quit Looking for shoes Has lost his “Right Arm” North has 90,000 troops, now lead by George G. Meade Meade was given command 3 days before the battle

Gettysburg – Day 1: July 1 1863 Confederate forces under-estimated Union numbers Union General Reynolds lost Replaced by Abner Doubleday Rebels unable to take the “High Ground” south of town Day 1 is prelude to 2nd and 3rd bloody days Union General John Buford- Selected battlefield, held High Ground for Reynolds

Gettysburg – Day 2: July 2, 1863 Lee’s plan of attack fails as Rebel forces are repelled at Culp’s Hill Peach Orchard Wheatfield Little Round Top Fighting lasts from morning until night “[Combat] makes bad men worse and good men better.” - J. Chamberlain Col. Joshua Chamberlain of the 20th Maine - Bayonet charge at Little Round Top Won Medal of Honor Promoted to General (Appomattox) Became Governor of Maine

Gettysburg – Day 3: July 3, 1863 Union Victory! (Lost 23,000) Rebels defeated (Lost 28,000) Confederate General George Picket lost over 50% of his men during “Picket’s Charge” “I have no division sir.” - Pickett to Lee Armistead’s “High Water Mark” Union Victory! (Lost 23,000) Considered the beginning of the end for the Confederacy. “It’s all my fault.” - Lee Custer’s cavalry beats Stuart.