From genotypes to phenotypes NSF GK-12 Saturday Workshop 10/24/2009 RS: Molly Burke CTs: Roy Center and Lee Kelly

Mendelian inheritance of an easily-assayed trait PTC Paper Mendelian inheritance of an easily-assayed trait

Laboratory Goals Phenotypes have a molecular basis Individual genotypes can be visualized using molecular techniques DNA Extraction PCR Restriction Enzyme Digestion Gel electrophoresis

Relevant CA State Standards 7th Grade Life-Science 2. c. Students know an inherited trait can be determined by one or more genes. 2. d. Students know plant and animal cells contain many thousands of different genes and typically have two copies of every gene. The two copies (or alleles) of the gene may or may not be identical, and one may be dominant in determining the phenotype while the other is recessive. 2. e. Students know DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material of living organisms and is located in the chromosomes of each cell. Grades 9-12 Biology 2. e. Students know why approximately half of an individual’s DNA sequence comes from each parent. 3. b. Students know the genetic basis for Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment. 5. d.* Students know how basic DNA technology (restriction digestion by endonucleases, gel electrophoresis, ligation, and transformation) is used to construct recombinant DNA molecules.

Pre-lab lessons and activities Sample activities in the handbook Virtual PCR Lab Gel electrophoresis demonstration

Non-taster allele (t) Taster allele (T) 221 base pairs HaeIII cuts here GG CC CC GG

Ladder t T 221 177 44

500 100 50 300 400 200 Ladder TT (taster) Tt tt (non)

This is a 4-day lab (these correspond to 4 lab stations today) DNA Extraction Day 2 PCR Day 3 Restriction Enzyme Digestion Day 4 Visualizing genotypes using gel electrophoresis