Immunopathology. Immunotherapy and immuno-prophylaxis. Immune preparations: vaccines, sera, and immunoglobulins Vinnitsa National Pirogov Memorial Medical University / Department of microbiology Vinnitsa National Pirogov Memorial Medical University / Department of microbiology

Immunopathology Immunopathology deals with pathological states or human diseases that result from inadequate immune system reaction to antigens

Classification of the immunopathological states Hypersensitivity (allergy) Antibody-mediated hypersensitivity Cell-mediated hypersensitivity Autoimmune diseases Immunodeficiency

Classification of hypersensitivity Immediate (anaphylactic) hypersensitivity Cytotoxic hypersensitivity Immune-complex hypersensitivity Delayed (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity

Type I: Immediate hypersensitivity

Type II: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity

Type III: Immune complex hypersensitivity

Type IV: Delayed (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity

Mechanism of contact dermatitis development Allergic skin test

Immune status assay WBC count: Titer of complement, phagocytosis data Γ-globulin Bactericidal activity of the skin Specific tests

Secondary immunodeficiency May be associated with: Malnutrition and vitamin deficiency Severe and long-lasting somatic illness Malignancy Therapy with immunosuppressive drugs Hormonal disoders: diabetes mellitus, adrenal dysfunction, hypothyroidism Pregnancy Some virus infections (HIV, the flu, measles, herpetic infections such CMV and VEB, and others)

Artificial acquired immunity Immune preparations (vaccines and sera) are used for immunization It allows to create herd immunity. High level of the herd immunity (a large proportion of the immune individuals in the community) may prevent epidemic infections such as diphtheria, poliomyelitis, measles, pertussis, tetanus, tuberculosis and others

Vaccines are the preparations of living or killed microorganisms or their products used for active immunization

Classification of the vaccines Classic vaccines: Live vaccines Killed vaccines Subunit (chemical) vaccines Toxoids Modern vaccines: Vector vaccines Recombinant vaccines Synthetic subunit vaccines Ribosomal vaccines Liposomal ones DNA vaccines Antiidiotypic vaccines

Classification of the vaccines Monovalent vaccines Polyvalent or associated vaccines

Preparations for passive immunization Passive immunity can be used to prevent diseases when there is no time to acquire immune response through vaccination Immediate protection can be provided by administration of the immune sera, specific immunoglobulin, antitoxin, or pooled gamma-globulin (“readymade” antibody)

Classification of the serum preparations Due to their action: Antibacterial (are used against plague, anthrax) Antiviral (are used against influenza, encephalitis, yellow fever ) Antitoxins (antidiphtheric, antitetanic, antibotilinic, antigangrenous) Immunotoxins Antiallergic Antitumoural (for experimental treatment of tumors) Antilymphocytic (are used for inhibition immune response after transplantation)

Classification of the serum preparations Due to their employment: Therapeutic and prophylactic sera Diagnostic sera Modern immunoglobulin preparations: Bioglobulin, Gamma-venin, Veinoglobulin, Sandoglobulin, Intraglobulin

Hybridoma cells and monoclonal antibody

Immonotoxins

Immunosuppressive drugs Cyclophosphamide Corticosteroids Cyclosporine Selsept (mophetil mycophenalite) Lephlunomide Antimetabolites (antitumor cytostatics) Selective immunosuppressive drugs

Immunostimulating drugs Recombinant human cytokines Non-specific human immunoglobulins Natural stimulators obtained from animal thymus and embryo tissue Recombinant interferon

Immunostimulating drugs Bacterial immunomodulators Plant immunomodulators Synthetic polypeptides