Chapter 18 The West 1850-1890 Page 542

Section 1: The Wars for the West Describe what life was like for American Indians living on the Great Plains Explain the causes and results of the conflict between American Indians and the US settlers in the West Evaluate the effect that the Dawes Act and the reservation system had on American Indians

A. The Great Plains Great Plains home to - Apache, Comanche, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Pawnee, and Sioux just a few Depended on the buffalo and horses Buffalo- Natives used everything 1850- 75,000 natives on Great Plains

B. Negotiations Treaty of Fort Laramie- Treaty of Fort Atkinson- Discovery of gold- Reservations- BIA Sand Creek Massacre-

C. Fighting on the Plains Bozeman Trail- Red Cloud Sioux Chief With Crazy Horse, ambushed 82 cavalry troops Fetterman Massacre- 1866 1868- US closed Bozeman trail and leave forts Sioux agree to go to Black Hills Reservation Comanche Wars on Southern Plains Treaty of Medicine Lodge- most tribes agree to move to reservation Some resisted US army defeated them by cutting off their access to food

D. The U.S. War with the Sioux Gold discovered in Black Hills Armstrong Custer? Sioux refused to sell more land Sitting Bull- leader who refused Battle of the Little Bighorn June 25, 1876 264 men of the 7th Cavalry wiped out by Sioux Sioux last major victory Most were forced onto reservation

E. Indians in the Southwest and Far West The Long Walk Navajo surrender in New Mexico Forced to walk 300 miles across the desert many die on the way Survivors struggle under harsh conditions at Bosque Redondo Nez Perce Were promised they could keep homeland Killed several settlers and tried to flee to Canada US army chased Nez Perce across Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana Captured 40 miles from Canadian border Chief Joseph surrender and forced to IT in Oklahoma- 1877

The End of Armed Resistance The last holdouts to reservation life where the Chiricahua Apache Led by Geronimo US army sent 5,000 soldiers to capture 1886- Geronimo and his 24 followers surrender and sent to prison in Florida

F. Ghost Dance Ghost Dance Wovoka - Massacre at Wounded Knee

G. Policy of Protest Conditions on Reservations were terrible Sarah Winnemucca Helen Hunt Jackson Dawes General Allotment Act-

Section 2: Miners and Railroads Describe the challenges associated with early mining in the West Examine the problem associated with building the transcontinental railroad Evaluate the railroads’ impact on western settlement and development

A. Mining Booms Comstock Lode- Pikes Peak Miners life Mining towns Bonanza- large deposit of ore Produced 400 million worth of gold and silver Big corporations take over mining operations Could afford to get harder to reach gold trapped in quartz rock Miners life Dangerous, poorly lit, accidents, high temps, cave ins Mining towns Booms towns Ghost Towns

B. Crossing the Continent Pony Express Quick mail delivery 2,000 mile route Put out of business by telegraph TCR Connect East with West Pacific Railway Act Two companies Central Pacific- started in Sacramento – hired many Chinese workers Union Pacific- Started in Omaha – hired many Irish workers Started Feb, 1863 - Finished May, 1869 Met at Promontory Point, Utah Impact Omaha to San Francisco- four day trip Brought country together Railroad booms and busts

Section 3: The Cattle Kingdom Identify the factors that led to the growth of the cattle industry during the 1870’s Describe the life of a cowboy during the cattle boom days of the 1870’s Analyze the decline of the Cattle Kingdom

A. The Roots of Ranching Texas Longhorn- mix of Spanish and English cattle Very good at surviving harsh climate Resistant to Texas fever Herd grew in isolated Texas Cattle Boom- prices soared Ranchers expanded from Texas to Colorado, Wyoming, Nebraska, and Montana Cattle Kingdom Open Range

Open Range Cowboys Some Ranches were huge Others focused on Range rights- Cowboys Cowboy culture came from Mexican Vaqueros Saddle, lasso, chaps, cowboy hat Roundup- Cattle Drive Trails- Chisholm Trail, Goodnight-Loving Trail, Cattle towns- Dodge City, Abilene

B. The End of the Open Range Gustavus Swift- invented refrigerator railroad car Range Wars Tensions of use of the Plains Joseph Glidden- barb wire Range Wars- many began fencing off land, others cut wire, stole cattle Large rangers vs. small ranchers Sheep owners fought with cattle owners Eventually, demand for beef declined New eastern breeds replaced longhorns Railways came to the cattle 1885-86 winter killed off many herds Long drive no longer possible or necessary

Section 4: Farming the Great Plains Examine the reasons why settlers moved to the Great Plains Discuss the various challenges that farming families faced on the plains Describe daily life on the Plains

Cooperative Learn Settling the Plains Homesteaders Farming the Plains New Ways of Farming Daily Life and Building Communities