Psychology: An Introduction Benjamin Lahey 11th Edition Slides by Kimberly Foreman 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Basic Principles of Learning Chapter Seven: Basic Principles of Learning 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Definition of Learning any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experience - change is not always immediately obvious 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Classical Conditioning - stimulus: - arbitrary - response: - elicited 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Classical Conditioning (cont.) Association: - key element in classical conditioning - association of two stimuli - neutral stimulus - timing 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Classical Conditioning (cont.) Terminology of classical conditioning: - unconditioned stimulus (UCS) unconditioned response (UCR) conditioned stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR) 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Classical Conditioning (cont.) Definition of classical conditioning: form of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus (CS) is followed by a stimulus (UCS) that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR) does not depend on the behavior of the individual being conditioned 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Classical Conditioning (cont.) Importance of classical conditioning: helpful in understanding puzzling aspects of human behavior: - Little Albert - counterconditioning - plays a role in our physical health - sexual arousal - phobias 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning: - positive reinforcement - negative reinforcement - punishment 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Positive Reinforcement Issues in the use of positive reinforcement: - timing: - delay of reinforcement consistency in the delivery of reinforcement 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Positive Reinforcement (cont.) Issues in the use of positive reinforcement (cont.): - primary reinforcers - secondary reinforcers - schedules of reinforcement: - fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Schedules of Reinforcement 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Positive Reinforcement Shaping: - method of successive approximations - Skinner box 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Negative Reinforcement - removal or avoidance of a negative event - escape conditioning - avoidance conditioning 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Punishment Punishment: a negative consequence that leads to a reduction in the frequency of the behavior that produced it 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Punishment (cont.) Dangers of punishment: - reinforcing to the punisher - generalized inhibiting effect - learning to dislike and act aggressively toward the punisher - criticism trap - does not teach appropriate behavior 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Punishment (cont.) Guidelines for the use of punishment: - do not use physical punishment - punish the inappropriate behavior immediately - positively reinforce appropriate behavior to take the place of the inappropriate behavior - punish specific behaviors - do not mix punishment with rewards for the same behavior - do not back down 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning: association between two stimuli involves reflexive, involuntary behaviors UCS is paired with the CS independent of individual’s behavior Operant conditioning association between a response and the resulting consequence complicated voluntary behaviors reinforcing occurs only if the response being conditioned has just been elicited 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Stimulus Discrimination and Generalization between appropriate and inappropriate occasions for a response Stimulus generalization: one does not always discriminate between stimuli that are similar to one another 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Extinction: Learning When to Quit Removing the source of learning: - partial reinforcement effect: schedule of reinforcement and type of reinforcement greatly influence the speed of extinction - response prevention: avoidance responses are prevented to be sure the individual sees that the negative consequences do not occur 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Extinction: Learning When to Quit (cont.) Spontaneous Recovery: - if there is a long period of time between presentations of the CS, the fear can reappear the next time the CS is presented Disinhibition: - if an intense but unrelated stimulus event occurs, it may cause the strength of the extinguished response to return temporarily 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Theoretical Interpretations of Learning Cognition or connection? - place learning: - cognitive map - latent learning insight learning and learning sets: - insight 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Theoretical Interpretations of Learning (cont.) Modeling: - eliciting desired behavior by showing how it is done - Albert Bandura: - modeling: - Bobo doll - vicarious reinforcement - vicarious punishment 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved

Theoretical Interpretations of Learning (cont.) Biological factors in learning: - Cook and Mineka: lab monkeys fearful of snakes after watching video - John Garcia: - learned taste aversion: - chemotherapy side effect wildlife preservation: - sheep and coyotes 2008 McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. All rights reserved