11.4 Troubles with France and Britain pp. 368-371

Objectives: Discuss challenges to the neutrality of the United States. Describe how President Jefferson avoided war.

Review: 1. What is the name of the famous house that Thomas Jefferson designed for himself? 2. What did Jefferson refer to his election as and why? 3. In his Inaugural Address, Jefferson said “We are all _________________, we are all ______________.” 4. Define laissez-faire— 5. Who was Jefferson’s Secretary of Treasury? 6. What were John Adams’s last-minute judicial appointments known as? 7. In which case did the Supreme Court claim for the first time that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional? 8. Define judicial review— 9. Define precedent—

Review: 10. Identify the Louisiana Territory— 11. Define cede— 12. To which European nation did Spain cede the Louisiana Territory in 1800? 13. Who was the French dictator during the early 1800s? 14. What city were American diplomats authorized to buy for $2-10 million? 15. Who led a successful slave rebellion in Saint Domingue? 16. What did the rebels rename Saint Domingue? 17. For what two reasons did Napoleon decide to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the U.S.? 18. For how much money did the U.S. purchase the Louisiana Territory? 19. How did the Louisiana Purchase affect the size of the United States? 20. Jefferson justified the Louisiana Purchase through his constitutional power to make _____________.

Review: 21. Who did Jefferson send to explore the Louisiana Purchase? 22. From what city did the expedition set out in the spring of 1804? 23. What Shoshone Indian woman acted as a guide and interpreter for the Lewis and Clark expedition? 24. How many miles did the Lewis and Clark expedition travel? 25. Who explored both the upper Mississippi River and Colorado region? 26. Who killed Alexander Hamilton in a pistol duel?

A. Piracy in the Mediterranean (p. 368) For years pirates from the Barbary Coast States of North Africa had harassed ships in the Mediterranean. They captured crews and cargoes, demanding tribute, or payment, for protection. Between 1789 and 1801, the U.S. paid several million dollars in such tributes.

B. War With Tripoli (pp. 368-369) When Jefferson refused to pay a much higher tribute in 1801, Tripoli declared war on the United States. Jefferson responded by ordering the navy to blockade, or close off, the port of Tripoli. When one U.S. ship, the Philadelphia, ran aground, a daring young officer, Stephen Decatur, led a raiding party to burn the ship rather than allow it to remain in enemy hands.

C. Challenge to Neutrality (pp. 369-370) Although Jefferson declared neutrality in Napoleon’s war with Britain, both Britain and France announced that they would stop American ships headed for the other side’s ports. Hundreds of American trade ships were seized between 1805 and 1807. The British also continued the policy of impressment—the practice of taking American sailors and forcing them to serve on British ships.

D. The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (p. 370) In June 1807, the American warship Chesapeake was ordered to stop by British sailors on the Leopard. When the commander of the Chesapeake refused, the Leopard’s guns opened fire, killing and wounding several American sailors. Although Americans in both parties were outraged and demanded war, Jefferson looked for other ways to stop the interference with America’s trade and end the insults to American pride.

E. The Embargo Act (pp. 370-371) Jefferson’s decision was to place an embargo, an official government ban, on trade with both Great Britain and France. Congress passed the Embargo Act in 1807, prohibiting all American ships from leaving the U.S. for foreign ports. The Embargo Act hurt the U.S. far more than it hurt either Britain or France.

F. James Madison (p. 371) The Embargo Act had diminished Jefferson in the eyes of the nation. In 1808 James Madison was elected as our 4th President. Although he continued many of Jefferson’s attempts at “peaceable coercion,” it was clear that the nation’s non-military methods were not working. Many began to push for war with Britain

Review: 27. Pirates from the Barbary Coast attacked American shipping for several years during the early republic. Where is the Barbary Coast? 28. Define blockade— 29. Who led a raid to burn the stranded American ship Philadelphia in order to keep it from falling into enemy hands? 30. Define impressment— 31. The British attack on what American ship in 1807 led to a widespread demand for war? 32. Define embargo— 33. Identify the Embargo Act— 34. Which nation suffered the most from the Embargo Act? 35. Who won the Election of 1808 to become our fourth President?