The Industrial Revolution

What factors caused the Industrial Revolution to begin in England? Discussion Question What factors caused the Industrial Revolution to begin in England?

Causes of the Industrial Revolution Favorable natural resources Agricultural Revolution Population Pressure Growth of large manufacturing sector Cottage industry (putting-out system) Huge advantages in world trade Provide necessary capital? Technological developments Government support of business

Favorable Natural Resources Coal Production 1750—2.5 million tons 1828—15 million tons Technology Originally relied upon muscle power Later helped by animal power and carts on rail Use of gunpowder Iron Coke replaced charcoal for smelting iron Better methods for smelting iron

Coal Mining in Britain 1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners 1850 30 tons 1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners 1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners

Agricultural Revolution New techniques & practices Enclosure movement Crop rotation Use of horses New technologies Farmers treat farming as science Jethro Tull’s seed drill Metal farm implements In 1700, 80% of the pop. earned its income from land, by 1800 it was 40% Led to high productivity and low food prices (unlike France); allowed the typical family to purchase manufactured goods

Great Britain’s Population Growth 1500-1850

Growth of Manufacturing Cottage Industry (Putting-out System) Manufacturing of textiles occurred in the home Part-time or full-time work done by families Women and children helped with production Merchants distributed raw materials to spinners and weavers Constant shortages of thread led to new ways of spinning cotton

Technological Advancements Textile Industry Spinning Jenny—1770 1 worker could run 8 spindles instead of 1 Water Frame—1779 Machine for spinning using water power Spinning Mule—1779 Combined spinning jenny & water frame Rise of factory system Power Loom—1785 Not widely adopted until 1850 Led to riots by hand weavers Other Inventions Steam Engine—1763 James Watt made steam engines practical for running machinery Cotton Gin—1793 Eli Whitney’s invention increased the available supply of cotton Steamboat—1807 Robert Fulton Locomotive—1814 George Stephenson

Clockwise from top left: the spinning jenny, the water frame, the spinning mule, and the power loom

Clockwise from top left: the factory system, Watt’s steam engine, and Stephenson’s locomotive

Government Supports Business England’s Economic Advantages A central bank Well-developed credit market Government encouraged technological change and free markets Supported capitalism Labor surplus Builds railroads, canals, and better roads

Discussion Question What were the positive and negative effects of early industrialization?

Textile Factory Workers in England Factory System Textile Factory Workers in England 1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers 1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers 1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

Textile Factory Workers Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor]. Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor. Only 10% of English industry in 1850. Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day. Dangerous conditions. Mind-numbing monotony.

Increasing Wealth

Increasing Wealth 19th Century Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

Increasing Wealth Stereotype of the Factory Owner

Increasing Wealth “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

The Workers Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d. 11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d. 17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d. 22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d. 27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d. 32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d. 37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d. 42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d. 47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d. 52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d. 57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.

The Workers

The Workers

The Workers Child Labor

Mining Textiles and Dyeing 1851 1861 1871 1881 Males under 15 37,300 45,100 43,100 30,400 Females under 15 1,400 500 900 Males 15-20 50,100 65,300 74,900 87,300 Females over 15 5,400 4,900 5,300 5,700 Total under 15 as % of work force 13% 12% 10% 6% Textiles and Dyeing 93,800 80,700 78,500 58,900 147,700 115,700 119,800 82,600 92,600 90,500 93,200 780,900 739,300 729,700 699,900 15% 19% 14% 11%

Urbanization Effects related to urbanization Urban overcrowding Poor housing & sanitation Rising crime rates Suburbanization Government functions shift Sewer systems Housing regulations Police forces

Industrial Manchester

Industrial Staffordshire

Coalbrookdale by Night

Problem of Pollution The Silent Highwayman – 1858 Father Thames Introduces His Offspring (Diphtheria, Scrofula, and Cholera) to the Fair City of London

The New Industrial City Above: Early 19th century London by Gustave Dore

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare! http://www.bbc.co.uk/drama/bleakhouse/animation.shtml

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

Changing Labor Conditions Women & children are majority of laborers by 1816 Paid less Many lived in factory dorms Work became unpleasant Workers separated from family Punctuality & efficiency stressed Poor working hours & wages, unemployment, & frequent accidents Labor riots were common Luddites

The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms]. Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

The Luddite Triangle

Changing Family Values Women withdrew from formal jobs New roles in caring for children Moral status improved Education stressed by middle class families Children seen as a source of emotional satisfaction

Cultural Changes Rise of Mass Leisure Culture Widespread advertising creates consumer fads (bicycle) Newspapers become popular Radio and motion pictures Organized sports: baseball, soccer, boxing, horse racing Family vacations for the wealthy and middle class

Adjustments to Industrial Life Demographic Transition Declining birth rates Declining death rates for children Family size decreases Life expectancy increased Discovery of germs by Louis Pasteur Women began to outlive men Widespread use of vaccines by the 1880s

Spread of Industrialization by 1850

2nd Industrial Revolution Scientific advances applied to industry Major advances in physics and chemistry Led by the U.S. and Germany Thomas Edison introduced electric lighting to New York City in 1882 General Electric and Westinghouse become the first multinational corporations New business structures: corporations, trusts, and cartels

2nd Industrial Revolution Advances in communications Needed by business managers to control their many branches Telegraph (1844) & telephone (1876) Methods of Mass Production Electric power replaces steam power Henry Ford introduces the assembly line (1913) New waves of immigration Global industrialization: Russia, Canada, Mexico, and Japan

Responses to Industrialization Changes in government functions The “Constitutional Question” settled by 1850 The “Social Question” Beginning of the welfare state Social insurance (worker’s compensation, unemployment, etc.) Symbolized extension of government Corresponds with the democratization of the political system

Reform Movements Political Reform Movements New Political Parties Utilitarianism Socialism Communism The Communist Manifesto (1848) New Political Parties Socialists Communists Methodist Church Karl Marx

Labor Reform Labor unions Reform laws Unions use collective bargaining and strikes to push for reforms Britain attempted to outlaw labor unions Reform laws Combination Acts of 1825 – Legalizes labor unions Factory Act of 1833 – Child Labor Mines Act of 1842 – Women and children cannot work underground British outlawed labor unions in the Combination Act of 1799; repealed the Combination Act in 1825 By 1875, British unions had a membership of about 1 million people Most powerful union in the U.S. was the AFL

Democratic Reforms Great Britain United States Reform Bill of 1832 Chartist Movement Working class suffrage in 1867 Rural laborers in 1884 United States In 1800 property was requirement to vote All white males could vote by mid-1850s 15th Amendment (1870) Before 1832: 5% of all British could vote Reform Bill of 1832: 7% could vote After 1884: 28% could vote By 1918: 74% could vote Limitations to democracy: women, racism

Feminist Movements Goals Leadership Sought legal and economic rights Women’s suffrage Leadership Middle class women Emmeline Pankhurst Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony English women gain the right to vote 1918 U.S. in 1920 with the 19th amendment