Intramolecular Force Summary Bond Energies Ionic Na+ Cl- 400 – 4000 kJ/mol Covalent H H 150 - 1110 kJ/mol e- Metallic Cu2+ 75 - 1000 kJ/mol electron sea....

Intermolecular Force Summary Energies H O - + Ion-Dipole Na+ 40 – 60 kJ/mol 1 d2 Hydrogen Bond Hydrogen Bond H O - + H O - + 10 – 40 kJ/mol 1 d4 (O, N, F ... & H) Dipole-Dipole attraction Dipole - Dipole H P - + H P - + 5 – 25 kJ/mol 1 d4

Intermolecular Force Summary Ion-Induced Dipole Induce : “ ...to cause the formation of ...” www.webster.com Induced Dipole Cl C Attraction! e- Na+ + - non-polar Nearby Na+ attracts electrons within the CCl4 (non-polar) molecule. Electrons shift within CCl4 and produce + and - poles. Na+ now attracted to the - pole. (Intermolecular force) 3 - 15 kJ/mol Energies

Intermolecular Force Summary Dipole Induced Dipole Induced Dipole Cl C H O - + Attraction! e- - + non-polar Nearby H2O + attracts electrons within the CCl4 (non-polar) molecule. Electrons shift within CCl4 and produce + and - poles. H2O + now attracted to the - pole. (Intermolecular force) 2 - 10 kJ/mol Energies

Intermolecular Force Summary London Dispersive Forces ...exist for all molecules! Momentary Dipole Induced Dipole Cl C Brief Attraction! Cl C non-polar e- e- - + - + 1 d7 non-polar Momentary electron shift within CCl4 makes it briefly polar. Electrons shift within neighboring CCl4 and produce + and - poles. Two CCl4 molecules briefly attract each other. 0.05 - 40 kJ/mol Energies