Vocabulary Fertile Crescent – area in the Middle East that formed an arc between the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Sea that was the center for land and sea communication in ancient times State – an area organized into political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal foreign affairs Microstates – states with very small land areas City-states – a sovereign state that comprises a town and surrounding countryside Colony – a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent

Vocabulary Colonialism – the effort by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principals on such a territory. Imperialism – control over a territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society Boundary – An invisible line marking the extent of a state’s territory Enclave – an enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it Exclave – a part of a country that is separated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.

Bizarre Borders Exclaves and Enclaves

Vocabulary Chapter 8 Antecedent boundary – A boundary line established before the area in question is well populated Subsequent boundary – A boundary line that is established after the area in question has been settled and that considers the cultural characteristics of the bounded area.

Political Geography Key issue #1 Where are states located? Problems of defining states Development of the states States are sovereign, managed by its own national govt., laws, army, and leaders Country is a synonym for state 50 states of the US are subdivisions within a single state

Problems of defining states Antarctica is the only large landmass that is not a part of a state Korea 2 occupation zones after WWII (Soviet and US) 38th parallel; Korean War Admitted to the UN as separate countries China and Taiwan Not a sovereign state but is a part of China Nationalist vs. Communist Most populous state not in the UN

Varying state sizes Largest – Russia 6.6 million sq. km. 11% of the world’s land mass China and Canada– 3.6 million, US – 3.5 million Microstates Monaco; .6 sq. miles Many are islands

Development of the State Concepts Ancient Medieval States Ancient states Fertile Crescent pg. 266 City-states – Empires; Mesopotamia – Sumerians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians Egypt Early European States Collapse of The Roman Empire

Development of the State Concepts Colonies Colonialism: 3 reasons; 1. Promote Christianity 2. Provided resources that helped the economy of the European states 3. # of colonies indicate power of the state God, Gold, and Glory Britain was the largest – “The sun never sets” on their empire

Development of the State Concepts Colonial practices France – assimilate, local leaders based on French laws Britain – indirect control Remaining colonies pg. 275 Dependencies Mostly islands Isolated Small populations Remnants of empires Puerto Rico = most populous

Key Issue # 2 Why do boundaries cause problems? Shapes of states Types of boundaries Boundaries inside states Result of a combination of natural features (rivers, deserts, and mountains) and cultural features (language and religion)

State Shapes The shape of a state controls the length of its boundaries with other states Affects the potential for communication and conflict with neighbors 5 basic shapes – pg 280 Compact Prorupted Elongated Fragmented Perforated

Compact - efficient Compact state- the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly Shape like a circle Capital in the middle Short boundaries Benefit; good communication Examples; Belgium, Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda Does not mean peacefulness

Prorupted – access and distribution Prorupted state – a compact state with a large projecting extension 2 reasons; 1. provide access to a resource, such as water 2. separate 2 states that would otherwise share a boundary Examples; Namibia, Afghanistan

Elongated States – Potential isolation Elongated states: states with a long narrow shape Examples: Chile, Italy, Malawi, Gambia Poor international communication Isolated from the capital

Fragmented - Problematic Fragmented state: includes several discontinuous pieces of territory Exclave All states that have offshore islands as part of their territory 2 kinds Separated by water Separated by an intervening state Examples; Indonesia, Alaska, Angola, Russia, pg. 281 Hinders communication

Perforated States: South Africa Perforated: a state that completely surrounds another one Enclave Example; South Africa and Lesotho Must depend entirely on South Africa for imports and exports trapped

Landlocked States Landlocked state: lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is completely surrounded by several other countries Most common in Africa 16/54 Facilitates international trade

Chapter 8 Vocabulary Frontier – a zone where no state exercises complete political control Territorial limit – boundary that extends 3 nautical miles (3.5 land miles) from the shore into the ocean Law of the Sea - standardized the territorial limits at 12 nautical miles. Shatterbelt – an area or region that is conflicted between two powers

Chapter 8 Vocabulary Unitary state – places most power in the hands of central government officials Federal state – allocates strong power to units of local government within a country Consequent Boundary - A boundary line that coincides with some cultural divide, such as religion or language. Superimposed Boundary - A boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern

Frontiers vs. Boundaries Boundary tangible geographic area Provides separation of an area Uninhabited or sparsely settled Agriculture and mining Neutral zones Today; Middle East and Antarctica infinitely thin, invisible, imaginary line Brings 2 neighboring states into direct contact Taken over for frontiers Physical and cultural

Types of Boundaries : Physical vs. Cultural Physical Boundary Mountain Permanent, uninhabited, hard to pass Desert Hard to cross, uninhabited Water Somewhat unchanging, visible, in the middle of water, good for defense, boundaries in the sea Law of the Sea: Standardized the territorial limits at 12 nautical miles Exclusive rights to fish and other marine life within 200 miles

Cultural Boundaries Geometric boundaries Religious boundaries Straight lines or arcs on a map (Canada and US) Straight? Religious boundaries Pakistan and India, Northern and Southern Ireland Language boundaries Europe, Treaty of Versailles (language was the most important criteria when the redrew the boundaries)

Boarders around the world

Cyprus’s “Green Line” Boundary 3rd largest island in the Mediterranean; Greeks and Turks – closer to Turkey but 78% Greek 1960 independence, Turks received a substantial part in government 1970 Greeks overturned the govt., nation of Turkey restored it Lead to more disunity and forced migration within the island Turks supply the Greek side with water and in return receive electricity 2004 UN approved Cyprus as a state and boarders were torn down

Unitary and Federal States Transfer of some authority from the national government to local government units Unitary State Federal State Works best in nation-states with few internal cultural differences and a strong sense on national unity Smaller states more likely to adopt it Requires communication In reality multinational states use it to assert dominance over one group and spread their values (communist) United States Local governments possess more power to adopt their own laws Multinational states use it to empower different nationalities More suitable for large states because the capital may be remote

Gerrymandering The process of redrawing boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power Pg 284-85

Key issue # 3 Why do states cooperate with each other? Political and military cooperation Economic Cooperation

Political and Military Cooperation United Nations Supranational Organization Vote to establish a peacekeeping force and request states to contribute military forces Military alliances Cold War & Superpowers Balance of power: equal strength between opposing alliances NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): military alliance among 16 democratic states Warsaw Pact: military agreement among Communist Eastern European countries to defend each other

Economic Cooperation Most important elements of a state power are economic today European Union – led by Germany Free trade Eliminated trade barriers People can move freely throughout Europe and work in different countries Euro as the common currency