EARTHQUAKES & PLATE TECTONICS

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Presentation transcript:

EARTHQUAKES & PLATE TECTONICS

LOMA PRIETA 1989

COLUMBIA 1999

TURKEY 8-17-99

Three Important Questions 1. What is an Earthquake? 2. How do they occur? 3. Where are they found?

The shaking of the earth’s crust caused by a release of tremendous What is an EQ? The shaking of the earth’s crust caused by a release of tremendous amounts of energy.

EQ Terminology: 1. Focus: area where slippage first occurs. 2. Epicenter: point on earth directly above the focus 3. Seismic waves: energy released in the form of wave motions in all directions from the focus; 3 types!

1. P waves: (Primary) travel the fastest & are the first to be recorded by a seismograph; they travel through liquids, solids & gases 2. S waves: (secondary) second fastest & travel ONLY through solids 3. L waves: (surface) slowest waves traveling over earth’s surface like ocean waves; most destructive

Three Seismic Waves:

Locating the EQ: To help locate the earthquake we use an instrument that detects and records earthquake waves. It is called the seismograph. By using the seismograph scientists can figure out when the first P & S waves from an earthquake arrive at the seismograph location.

Locating the EQ: Since P waves travel faster than S waves, the P waves made by the EQ arrive first. The farther the seismograph station is from the EQ, the larger the difference is in the arrival times for the P and S waves.

Locating the EQ epicenter: To locate the epicenter, you need to take readings of epicenter distance from three different seismograph stations.

Locating the EQ epicenter:

Major Earthquake Zones Three major zones: 1. Ring of Fire 2. Mid-Atlantic Ridge 3. Eurasian-Melanesian Belt

1. The Ring of Fire Includes west coasts of North & South America and east coast of Asia Forms ring around Pacific Usually areas of subduction or fault zones

Convergent Boundary

2. Mid-Atlantic Ridge Earthquakes occur because oceanic crust is pulling away from the sides of the ridge (Divergent Boundary)

Divergent Boundary

3. Eurasian-Melanesian Belt Collision of the Eurasian plate w/ the African & Indian Plate (Transform Boundary) Forms huge mountain system

Transform Boundary

Wave Velocity By using a seismogram scientists have been able to learn more about the layers of the earth.

Wave Velocity Since P waves slow greatly at 2900 km and speed up again at 5000 km and S waves stop at 2900 we can conclude that the outer core begins at 2900 km and is made up of liquid material.

The Shadow Zone