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Volume 26, Issue 1, Pages 39-47 (March 2019) Aphrodisiac effect of Hunteria umbellata seed extract: Modulation of nitric oxide level and arginase activity in vivo Ganiyu Oboh, Adeniyi A. Adebayo, Ayokunle O. Ademosun, Oluwaseun A. Abegunde Pathophysiology Volume 26, Issue 1, Pages 39-47 (March 2019) DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.11.003 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Effect of administration of H. umbellata extract and Sildenafil citrate (SC) on time spent in light compartment (A), time spent in dark compartment (B) and number of crossing (C) during dark-light test performed in rats. Values are mean ± SEM, (n = 6). One way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple range test was used for statistical significance. “*” denotes significant differences compared with the control group (p < 0.05) and “#”denotes significant differences compared with the SC group (p < 0.05). Pathophysiology 2019 26, 39-47DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.11.003) Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Effect of administration of H. umbellata extract and sildenafil citrate (SC) on number of square entered (A) and time spent at center (B) during open field test performed in rats. Values are mean ± SEM, (n = 6). One way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple range test was used for statistical significance. “*” denotes significant differences compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Pathophysiology 2019 26, 39-47DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.11.003) Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Effect of administration of H. umbellata extract and Sildenafil citrate (SC) on mounting number (A), mounting latency (B), intromission number (C) and intromission latency (D) during sexual behavioral test performed in rats. Values are mean ± SEM, (n = 6). One way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple range test was used for statistical significance. “*” denotes significant differences compared with the control group (p < 0.05) and “#”denotes significant differences compared with the SC group (p < 0.05). Pathophysiology 2019 26, 39-47DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.11.003) Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Effect of administration of H. umbellata extract and Sildenafil citrate (SC) on (A) penile tissue and (B) serum arginase activities in rats. Values are mean ± SEM, (n = 6). One way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple range test was used for statistical significance. “*” denotes significant differences compared with the control group (p < 0.05) and “#”denotes significant differences compared with the SC group (p < 0.05). Pathophysiology 2019 26, 39-47DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.11.003) Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Effect of administration of H. umbellata extract and Sildenafil citrate (SC) on penile tissue nitric oxide level in rats. Values are mean ± SEM, (n = 6). One way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple range test was used for statistical significance. “*” denotes significant differences compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Pathophysiology 2019 26, 39-47DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.11.003) Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Effect of administration of H. umbellata extract and Sildenafil citrate (SC) on (A) penile tissue and (B) serum catalase activity in rats. Values are mean ± SEM, (n = 6). One way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple range test was used for statistical significance. “*” denotes significant differences compared with the control group (p < 0.05) and “#”denotes significant differences compared with the SC group (p < 0.05). Pathophysiology 2019 26, 39-47DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.11.003) Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Effect of administration of H. umbellata extract and Sildenafil citrate (SC) on (A) penile tissue and (B) serum non-protein thiol level in rats. Values are mean ± SEM, (n = 6). One way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple range test was used for statistical significance. “*” denotes significant differences compared with the control group (p < 0.05) and “#”denotes significant differences compared with the SC group (p < 0.05). Pathophysiology 2019 26, 39-47DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.11.003) Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 Representative of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) phenolic profile of H. umbellata. Gallic acid (peak 1), chlorogenic acid (peak 2), caffeic acid (peak 3), ellagic acid (peak 4), quercetin (peak 5) and apigenin (peak 6). Pathophysiology 2019 26, 39-47DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.11.003) Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions